{
  "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Cardiac catheterization is a common procedure in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Although cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) represents a promising alternative approach to fluoroscopy guidance, simultaneous high contrast visualization of catheter, soft tissue and the blood pool remains challenging. In this study, a novel passive tracking technique is proposed for enhanced positive contrast visualization of gadolinium-filled balloon catheters using partial saturation (pSAT) magnetization preparation. METHODS: The proposed pSAT sequence uses a single shot acquisition with balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) readout preceded by a partial saturation pre-pulse. This technique was initially evaluated in five healthy subjects. The pSAT sequence was compared to conventional bSSFP images acquired with (SAT) and without (Non-SAT) saturation pre-pulse. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the catheter balloon, blood and myocardium and the corresponding contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) are reported. Subjective assessment of image suitability for CMR-guidance and ideal pSAT angle was performed by three cardiologists. The feasibility of the pSAT sequence is demonstrated in two adult patients undergoing CMR-guided cardiac catheterization. RESULTS: The proposed pSAT approach provided better catheter balloon/blood contrast and catheter balloon/myocardium contrast than conventional Non-SAT sequences. It also resulted in better blood and myocardium SNR than SAT sequences. When averaged over all volunteers, images acquired with a pSAT angle of 20° to 40° enabled simultaneous visualization of the catheter balloon and the cardiovascular anatomy (blood and myocardium) and were found suitable for CMR-guidance in >93% of cases. The pSAT sequence was successfully used in two patients undergoing CMR-guided diagnostic cardiac catheterization. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed pSAT sequence offers real-time, simultaneous, enhanced contrast visualization of the catheter balloon, soft tissues and blood. This technique provides improved passive tracking capabilities during CMR-guided catheterization in patients.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Mari Nieves Velasco Forte"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kuberan Pushparajah"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tobias Schaeffter"
    },
    {
      "name": "Israel Valverde Perez"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kawal Rhode"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bram Ruijsink"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mazen Alhrishy"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nicholas Byrne"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amedeo Chiribiri"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tevfik Ismail"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tarique Hussain"
    },
    {
      "name": "Reza Razavi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sébastien Roujol"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d467f3fsje8nk.bib",
  "cited_by": 29,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12968-017-0368-0",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "d467f3fsje8nk",
  "issns": [
    "1097-6647",
    "1532-429X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05796053v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.sdv.ib"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W2743884031",
  "pdf_url": "https://jcmr-online.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12968-017-0368-0",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "BioMed Central : Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d467f3fsje8nk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:55Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05796053",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05796053v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "hal:1.sdv.ib",
      "subfield": "systems-synthetic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Improved passive catheter tracking with positive contrast for CMR-guided cardiac catheterization using partial saturation (pSAT)",
  "title_text": "Improved passive catheter tracking with positive contrast for CMR-guided cardiac catheterization using partial saturation (pSAT)",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:55Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d467f3fsje8nk",
  "venue": "Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance",
  "versions": []
}