{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Patients with multimorbidity often receive conflicting dietary guideline recommendations, and large language models (LLMs) increasingly draft dietary advice. In this study, we evaluated nine LLMs, including two Turkish-adapted models, on 76 synthetic patient vignettes in Turkish and English. Methods: The vignettes combined type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, obesity, gout and celiac disease as single conditions, conflicting pairs, concordant pairs and triples. An LLM judge panel graded the responses against key-feature checklists approved by a dietitian, whose blinded ratings of a subset agreed with the panel on 90% of items. Results: The proprietary models covered 81% to 92% of the weighted checklist and fully resolved 57% to 89% of the guideline conflicts. Their coverage did not differ significantly between Turkish and English in any of these models, whereas across all models Turkish responses covered 2 percentage points less, mainly in conflicting-pair vignettes and in the open-weight models. The GPT and Claude models had the fewest safety-critical flags, 5% to 8% in both languages, and the proprietary models’ Turkish advice was rated 4.9 to 5.0 out of 5 for cultural appropriateness. Conclusions: Expert review of LLM drafts can therefore focus on conflict resolution, and the checklist procedure provides a reusable audit.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul 34295, Türkiye",
    "Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Türkiye",
    "Department of Artificial Intelligence Engineering, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul 34353, Türkiye",
    "KOU Teknopark, Bidist, Kocaeli 41275, Türkiye"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Büşra Göz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2371-9603"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yılmaz Dikilitaş",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8892-574X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Furkan Göz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6726-3679"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ahmet Sayar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6335-459X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d4b93wa7g3m8r.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nu18213674",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "d4b93wa7g3m8r",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6643"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3674",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d4b93wa7g3m8r.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T00:21:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nu18213674",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3674"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2072-6643",
      "subfield": "nutrition"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Large Language Model Dietary Recommendations for Multimorbidity with Conflicting Guidelines in Turkish and English",
  "title_text": "Large Language Model Dietary Recommendations for Multimorbidity with Conflicting Guidelines in Turkish and English",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T00:21:23Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d4b93wa7g3m8r",
  "venue": "Nutrients",
  "versions": []
}