{
  "abstract": "Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) are clinically and neurobiologically heterogeneous. Normative modeling addresses heterogeneity of structural brain alterations by focusing on individual-level deviations, but their relation to clinical features requires further investigation. We mapped the relationship between individual gray matter volume (GMV) deviations and schizophrenia diagnosis and symptoms. Normative models of GMV were established using cross-sectional, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from a large, multi-site, healthy reference cohort (N = 7957). Deviations were derived for SSD patients (n = 379) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 149). We replicated that SSD is characterized by a more negative global deviation compared to HCs, yet extreme negative deviations exhibit substantial spatial heterogeneity. Regional deviations predicted diagnostic status with adequate performance (AUC = 0.79). A more negative deviation was associated with higher symptom severity and lower cognitive functioning in SSD. Negative deviations were scattered across the brain, with the largest alterations in the salience network. Our findings strengthen the potential of normative modeling to disentangle the heterogeneous underpinnings of SSD and provide further evidence for individualized structural deviations, particularly in the salience network, as promising markers of illness severity in SSDs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 21,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Johanna Spaeth",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-6550-0638"
    },
    {
      "name": "Charlotte Fraza",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7088-9250"
    },
    {
      "name": "Deniz Yilmaz"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lena Deller"
    },
    {
      "name": "BrainTrain Working Group"
    },
    {
      "name": "CDP Working Group"
    },
    {
      "name": "Genc Hasanaj"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marcel Kallweit"
    },
    {
      "name": "Maxim Korman"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mona Hussain"
    },
    {
      "name": "Emanuel Boudriot"
    },
    {
      "name": "Vladislav Yakimov",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9559-7492"
    },
    {
      "name": "Joanna Moussiopoulou"
    },
    {
      "name": "Florian J. Raabe"
    },
    {
      "name": "Elias Wagner"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andrea Schmitt"
    },
    {
      "name": "Astrid Roeh"
    },
    {
      "name": "Peter Falkai"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniel Keeser",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0244-1024"
    },
    {
      "name": "Isabel Maurus"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lukas Roell",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0284-2290"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d72e01b7s99jw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.03.31.26349848",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13734048/",
  "id": "d72e01b7s99jw",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.31.26349848",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2738|Schizophrenia research and treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7147270884",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13734048",
  "pmid": "42990499",
  "published": "2026-11-01",
  "publisher": "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Preprints",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d72e01b7s99jw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:23:42Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13734048",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.31.26349848"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2738|Schizophrenia research and treatment",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mapping Individual Neuroanatomical Alterations to Schizophrenia Psychopathology with Normative Modeling",
  "title_text": "Mapping Individual Neuroanatomical Alterations to Schizophrenia Psychopathology with Normative Modeling",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:23:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d72e01b7s99jw",
  "venue": "medRxiv",
  "versions": []
}