{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge, with many patients expe- riencing unfavourable treatment outcomes despite standard therapy. Host immune biomarkers, including cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have shown promise in predicting disease severity and treatment response, but require validation across independent cohorts.\n\nMethods: We validated previously identified immune biomarkers using baseline plasma samples from a nested case–control cohort within the RePORT India consortium (cases: n=74; controls: n=161). Cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17A, and GM-CSF), chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CXCL10), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9) were quantified using multiplex ELISA on the Luminex platform. Statistical analyses included group comparisons, ROC analysis, logistic regression, random forest modelling, princi- pal component analysis, and stability selection to identify optimal biomarker combinations.\n\nResults: Elevated levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 were associated with unfavourable out- comes. IL-2, CXCL8, CCL2, and MMP-2 showed strong individual predictive performance (AUC ≥0.80). Multivariable analysis identified CCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL10 as significant predictors of poor outcomes. A combined biomarker panel comprising CXCL8, MMP-2, and CCL2 demonstrated excellent predictive accu- racy (AUC ~0.90), with sensitivity ranging from 89% to 98% and specificity ranging from 80% to 90%, depending on the biomarker combination and the selected ROC cut-off.\n\nDiscussion: These findings validate key immune biomarkers and support a multi- marker host biomarker panel for early risk stratification and personalized TB management.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Center",
    "Division of TB Prevention and Elimination Research, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis",
    "National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT)- International Center for Excellence in Research",
    "Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)",
    "UMass Chan Medical School"
  ],
  "article_type": "research support, non u.s. gov't",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Agalya Vanamudhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Vijay Viswanathan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Guruprashath Mohan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nivedha Krishna Rao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kannan Thiruvengadam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Syed Hissar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Bhavani Permal Kannabiran"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Subash Babu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Hardy Kornfeld"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nathella Pavan Kumar"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d7jw63xc9rfek.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1928573",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677478",
  "id": "d7jw63xc9rfek",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1928573/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220417495",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677478?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13677478",
  "pmid": "42898291",
  "published": "2026-10-05",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d7jw63xc9rfek.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:15Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1928573",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1928573/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:37Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42898291",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898291"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Prognostic utility of immune biomarkers for identifying individuals at risk of unfavourable treatment outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis",
  "title_text": "Prognostic utility of immune biomarkers for identifying individuals at risk of unfavourable treatment outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:37Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d7jw63xc9rfek",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}