{
  "abstract": "Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic performance metrics, referral patterns, and real-world implementation characteristics associated with a Breast AI™-supported ultrasound assessment pathway across multiple heterogeneous healthcare settings. Materials and methods: This prospective multi-site observational study included 1,129 women undergoing routine or symptom-driven breast assessment across five healthcare facilities in South Africa between April 2023 and April 2025. Breast AI™ was used as an adjunctive ultrasound-based clinical decision-support tool alongside standard clinical assessment and breast ultrasound imaging. Referral outcomes and histopathological diagnoses were recorded where clinically indicated. Diagnostic performance metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), were calculated using predefined dichotomised Breast AI™ risk categories. Site-level comparisons were assessed using chi-square analysis. Results: Among 1,129 clinical assessments, 417 patients underwent referral for further diagnostic evaluation, with 405 histopathologically confirmed malignancies identified. Referral-associated malignancy rates remained relatively consistent across participating healthcare sites, with no statistically significant site-level differences observed (χ² = 1.67, p = 0.795). Diagnostic performance analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 99.3% (95% CI: 97.8–99.8), specificity of 69.8% (95% CI: 66.3–73.1), PPV of 64.7% (95% CI: 61.2–68.0), and NPV of 99.4% (95% CI: 98.3–99.8). Higher Breast AI™ risk classifications were more frequently associated with invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma, whereas approximately 30% of ductal carcinoma in situ cases were classified within the low-risk category. The median interval between Breast AI™ assessment and histopathological confirmation was 18 days (IQR: 10–32 days). Conclusion: In this prospective observational multi-site cohort, Breast AI™-supported ultrasound assessment demonstrated high observed negative predictive value and reproducible risk stratification across heterogeneous healthcare environments. However, interpretation of diagnostic accuracy metrics is limited by differential histopathological verification and the absence of long-term interval cancer follow-up among low-risk patients. The findings support the feasibility of integrating AI-supported ultrasound assessment into resource-variable clinical settings, while highlighting the need for future comparative, longitudinal, and health-economic evaluation studies",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Malherbe Imaging Inc., Diagnostic Imaging, Pretoria, South Africa",
    "Department of Immunology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa",
    "Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kathryn Malherbe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Carol A. Benn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Gerhard Botha"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9070wm1mqych.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357975",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "d9070wm1mqych",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357975",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "1702|AI in cancer detection"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine"
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine/Cancer detection and diagnosis"
    ],
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancer risk factors"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Breast tumors/Breast cancer"
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Invasive tumors"
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Malignant tumors"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Radiology and imaging/Diagnostic radiology/Ultrasound imaging"
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      "/Research and analysis methods/Imaging techniques/Diagnostic radiology/Ultrasound imaging"
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357975&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-15",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9070wm1mqych.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357975",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357975"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:diagnostic radiology",
      "subfield": "imaging"
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    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:oncology",
      "subfield": "oncology"
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  "title": "Multi-site observational evaluation of Breast AI™-supported ultrasound risk stratification in breast cancer assessment pathways",
  "title_text": "Multi-site observational evaluation of Breast AI™-supported ultrasound risk stratification in breast cancer assessment pathways",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9070wm1mqych",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
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}