{
  "abstract": "Emerging influenza viruses and mosquito-borne flaviviruses continue to challenge animal and public health, highlighting the need for antivirals that remain effective after infection. This study evaluated the in vitro activity of a 70% ethanolic whole-specimen extract of the marine bivalve Entodesma navicula (ENE) against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1; A/PR8), A/Wisconsin/15/2009 (H3N2), influenza B/Florida/78/2015, Zika virus, and dengue virus serotype 2. Antiviral activity was assessed using time-of-addition analysis, viability-based cytopathic-effect assays, reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, infectious virus titration, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. In the A/PR8 model, pre- and co-treatment produced no consistent inhibition. By contrast, post-infection ENE suppressed all tested viruses. For A/PR8, Zika virus, and dengue virus, this activity was supported by reduced viral genome abundance, infectious progeny, and viral antigen expression. In A/PR8-infected A549 cells, ENE reduced phosphorylation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL). ENE also reduced the proportion of cells positive for phosphorylated MLKL within Zika- and dengue-virus-infected Vero E6 populations. These findings identify E. navicula as an underexplored source of post-infection antiviral bioactivity associated with attenuated necroptosis-related signaling. Isolation of active constituents and causal validation in primary cells and animal models are needed.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Veterinary Pathology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.",
    "Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.",
    "Department of Biomaterial Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea.",
    "Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.",
    "Department of Veterinary Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.",
    "Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hyeon Jeong Moon",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-0943-9297"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gun Lee",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-5545-4464"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Seok-Chun Ko",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0509-3336"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jeong Min Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ji-Yul Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mi-Jin Yim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jaewoo Choi",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-6049-049X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chung-Do Lee",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-1029-5669"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jun Bong Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jun-Gyu Park",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7163-3591"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yeong-Bin Baek",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1703-7742"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Sang-Ik Park",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1709-0324"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9n3x5gqbrm3y.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ani16203226",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700874",
  "id": "d9n3x5gqbrm3y",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2615"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939159",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Influenza Virus Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221831678",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700874?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13700874",
  "pmid": "42939159",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9n3x5gqbrm3y.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42939159",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939159"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Influenza Virus Research Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A Marine Bivalve (Entodesma navicula) Extract Suppresses the Replication of Influenza Viruses and Flaviviruses in Association with Reduced MLKL Phosphorylation.",
  "title_text": "A Marine Bivalve (Entodesma navicula) Extract Suppresses the Replication of Influenza Viruses and Flaviviruses in Association with Reduced MLKL Phosphorylation.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9n3x5gqbrm3y",
  "venue": "Animals : an open access journal from MDPI",
  "versions": []
}