{
  "abstract": "Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive technique for brain stimulation and focal neuromodulation. Research with humans and animal models has raised the possibility that TUS can be biased towards enhancing or suppressing neural function. Here, we first collate a set of hypotheses on the directionality of TUS effects and conduct an initial meta-analysis on available healthy human participant TUS studies reporting stimulation parameters and outcomes (n=47 studies, 52 experiments). In initial exploratory analyses with univariate tests, we find that parameters, such as the intensity and continuity of stimulation (duty cycle, DC) show statistical trends towards likely TUS neural enhancement or suppression of function. Machine-learning analyses were limited by the currently small sample size. Given that human TUS sample sizes are expected to increase, predictability on the directionality of TUS effects could improve if a database is available. Therefore, we establish an inTUS database and resource for the systematic reporting of TUS parameters and outcomes to assist in greater precision in TUS use for brain stimulation and neuromodulation. The paper concludes with a selective review of human clinical TUS studies illustrating how hypotheses on the directionality of TUS effects could be developed for empirical testing in the intended clinical application, not limited to the examples provided.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States",
    "Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom",
    "Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States",
    "NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom",
    "Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China",
    "Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U1208, University of Lyon, Lyon, France",
    "Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom",
    "Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, United States",
    "Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States"
  ],
  "article_type": "tools resources",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 18,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hugo Caffaratti",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-4079-3910"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ben Slater"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nour Shaheen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ariane E Rhone",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5699-8733"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ryan Calmus"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Michael Kritikos"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sukhbinder Kumar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Brian Dlouhy"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hiroyuki Oya",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1733-5478"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Timothy D Griffiths",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8066-4381"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Aaron Boes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nicholas Trapp"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Marcus Kaiser"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Jerome Sallet"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Matthew I Banks"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Matthew A Howard III"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mario Zanaty"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Chris Petkov",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4932-7907"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9yksm2maf8ek.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.7554/elife.100827",
  "fulltext_url": "https://elifesciences.org/articles/100827",
  "id": "d9yksm2maf8ek",
  "issns": [
    "2050-084X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://elifesciences.org/articles/100827",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "elife",
      "neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Tools and Resources"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W4405105674",
  "pdf_url": "https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/100827/elife-100827-v1.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13716386",
  "pmid": "42950002",
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "eLife Sciences Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9yksm2maf8ek.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:25Z",
      "native_id": "100827",
      "source": "elife",
      "url": "https://elifesciences.org/articles/100827"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42950002",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42950002"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:23:23Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13716386",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.100827"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "elife:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Ultrasound neuromodulation hypotheses on the directionality of effects and community resource",
  "title_text": "Ultrasound neuromodulation hypotheses on the directionality of effects and community resource",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:23:23Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d9yksm2maf8ek",
  "venue": "eLife",
  "versions": []
}