{
  "abstract": "Purpose: To examine the association between sustained gout-related Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) or Chinese patent medicine (CPM) exposure and documented refractory gout (RG), and determine how outcome completeness and surveillance intensity affected the estimate.\n\nPatients and Methods: This retrospective real-world cohort included 600 patients with gout. Sustained exposure was gout-related CHM/CPM use for at least 3 months; shorter or no documented exposure comprised the comparator group. RG adjudication integrated longitudinal serum urate (SUA), treatment response, flares, tophi/imaging, and clinician records. Analyses included regression, stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), missing-outcome and tipping-point analyses, and restriction by SUA testing frequency.\n\nResults: RG was adjudicable in 295/300 sustained-exposure patients and 143/300 comparators. RG occurred in 149/295 (50.5%) and 90/143 (62.9%), respectively (unadjusted OR=0.601, 95% CI 0.399–0.905; P=0.014). Point estimates remained below 1 after covariate adjustment (OR=0.653, 95% CI 0.424–1.008; P=0.054) and stabilized IPTW (OR=0.699, 95% CI 0.462–1.058; P=0.091), although both 95% CIs included 1.0. The estimate among patients with at least four distinct SUA testing dates was directionally similar but imprecise (OR=0.737, 95% CI 0.232–2.214; P=0.620). The missing-outcome tipping point was 62/157 (39.5%). No duration-response pattern was evident across exposure categories, and regimens were heterogeneous.\n\nConclusion: Sustained CHM/CPM exposure was associated with a lower documented RG proportion in the outcome-adjudicable analysis. Adjustment and sensitivity analyses reduced statistical precision, although the estimates remained below 1. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate this adjunctive treatment pattern.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Rheumatology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yidi Huang",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-0286-810X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cunxiang Xie"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hao Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luyuan Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mingxuan Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luming Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinying Fang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hailong Wang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/da77cvdn2k7e5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/jir.s635596",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723241/",
  "id": "da77cvdn2k7e5",
  "issns": [
    "1178-7031"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/jir.s635596",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2727|Gout, Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223900014",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121424",
  "pmcid": "PMC13723241",
  "pmid": "42967160",
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "Dove Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/da77cvdn2k7e5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:52Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13723241",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/jir.s635596"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2727|Gout, Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Gout-Related Chinese Herbal Medicine/Chinese Patent Medicine Exposure and Documented Refractory Gout Status: A Retrospective Real-World Cohort Study of Outcome Completeness and Surveillance Intensity",
  "title_text": "Gout-Related Chinese Herbal Medicine/Chinese Patent Medicine Exposure and Documented Refractory Gout Status: A Retrospective Real-World Cohort Study of Outcome Completeness and Surveillance Intensity",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:21:52Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/da77cvdn2k7e5",
  "venue": "Journal of Inflammation Research",
  "versions": []
}