{
  "abstract": "The purposes of this study were to investigate the antioxidant, cytotoxic against HT-29 and HepG2 cancer cells, and antimigratory activities of peptide fractions derived from Amynthas arenulus earthworm. Earthworm proteins were hydrolyzed with alcalase using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions resulted in a maximum degree of hydrolysis of 61.25% at an enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 1.5% (v/v) and a hydrolysis time of 2 h. Following simulated gastrointestinal digestion, gastric and intestinal recoveries of the peptides were 56.83% and 90.10%, respectively. The 10-30 kDa peptide fraction exhibited antioxidant activity, with estimated IC₅₀ values of 3.18 and 0.79 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. FRAP activity was also exhibited. The 10-30 kDa peptide fraction showed antiproliferative activity against HT-29 and HepG2 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 0.634 and 0.761 mg/mL, respectively, whereas it was not cytotoxic against non-cancerous cells of L929 fibroblast cells. This peptide fraction was trigger apoptosis-associated cellular changes observed using inverted light microscopy, AO/PI and DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and scanning electron microscopy. Relative cell migration values in HT-29 and HepG2 cells were 67.34% and 70.29%, respectively which compared to 100% of control. As resultants, this peptide fraction might be considered for applied in medical, nutraceutical food, and bioprocessing industries.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pimphan Wasunan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mongkol Thirabunyanon"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dan57smsbmaqy.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fbioe.2026.1957959",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13710307",
  "id": "dan57smsbmaqy",
  "issns": [
    "2296-4185"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948006",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221722581",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13710307?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13710307",
  "pmid": "42948006",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dan57smsbmaqy.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:34Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42948006",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948006"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:18Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13710307",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1957959"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Enzymatic optimization for enhancing earthworm peptide yields and biological activities on antioxidant, cytotoxic against HT-29 and HepG2 cancer cells, and antimigration.",
  "title_text": "Enzymatic optimization for enhancing earthworm peptide yields and biological activities on antioxidant, cytotoxic against HT-29 and HepG2 cancer cells, and antimigration.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dan57smsbmaqy",
  "venue": "Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology",
  "versions": []
}