{
  "abstract": "The human microbiota is a major regulator of immune development, mucosal barrier integrity, and systemic immune tone. Its effects are mediated by microbe-associated molecular patterns, pattern-recognition receptors, microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan-derived indoles, secondary bile acids and vitamin-pathway metabolites, and direct interactions with epithelial and immune cells. A balanced microbiota supports regulatory T-cell responses, secretory IgA production, innate-like lymphocyte maturation and epithelial barrier function, whereas dysbiosis may promote barrier dysfunction, inflammatory polarization and abnormal responses to dietary, environmental or self-antigens. This narrative review integrates mechanistic and translational evidence across early-life immune maturation, innate and adaptive immune sensing, microbial metabolites, cross-kingdom interactions, gut-organ axes, immune-mediated diseases and microbiota-targeted interventions. Particular emphasis is placed on distinguishing mechanistic evidence from association. Although microbiome-directed therapies are promising, routine clinical translation requires standardized sampling and multi-omics workflows, controlled interventional studies, mechanistic validation, reproducible biomarkers and indication-specific evidence.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Propaedeutics of Medicine and Infection Prevention, Collegium Medicum , ,",
    "Tczew Hospitals S.A. , ,",
    "University Hospital No. 2 Dr Jan Biziel , ,",
    "Student Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University , ,",
    "Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aleksander Deptuła"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aleksandra Ćwirko-Godycka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Agata Majcherczak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Amanda Zoń"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Wiktoria Rosiek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dav7xr0jag175.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1927480",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673331/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "dav7xr0jag175",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13673331",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Gut microbiota and health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215789494",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673331/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13673331",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dav7xr0jag175.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:18Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13673331",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13673331"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:15Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1927480",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1927480/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Gut microbiota and health",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Microbiological mechanisms of immune response modulation: clinical implications",
  "title_text": "Microbiological mechanisms of immune response modulation: clinical implications",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dav7xr0jag175",
  "venue": "Frontiers in immunology",
  "versions": []
}