{
  "abstract": "Polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers are widely used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, hydrogels and composite materials for biotechnological and environmental applications. However, the solid-state structural organization of linear PEI (L-PEI) materials, and how it is influenced by molecular weight, protonation state and counterion type, have not yet been comprehensively studied. In this work, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) experiments were combined with theoretical calculations to analyze the local chemical environments, crystalline and nanoscale organization, and molecular mobility of L-PEI materials with different molecular weights. The analyzed materials were the free base (PEI·FB), the hydrochloride (PEI·HCl), the trifluoroacetate (PEI·TFA), and the sulfate-containing forms of L-PEI (PEI·Na₂SO₄ and PEI·H₂SO₄), as well as an intermediate protonation state obtained by the heterogeneous treatment with HCl-saturated isopropanol. Proton, ¹³C or ¹⁵N ss-NMR studies evidenced different chemical environments associated with changes in protonation state and counterion identity. Furthermore, XRD and SAXS showed that these variables, together with molecular weight and sample preparation conditions, influenced the crystalline arrangement and characteristic nanoscale organization of the polymer chains. Moreover, TD-NMR revealed the presence of three dynamically distinct proton populations, assigned to rigid, interfacial, and mobile domains, whose relative contributions and relaxation behavior varied among the PEI materials. Finally, high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR experiments were used to study different PEI-gel materials and films as well as the crosslinking of protonated PEI and sulfate ions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina.",
    "CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina .",
    "ONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina.",
    "Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION - CONICET), Polo Científico Tecnológico, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.",
    "Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba 5000, Argentina.",
    "Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba 5000, Argentina.",
    "Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Agustín J Byrne",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0499-4095"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Vladimir"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yamila Garro-Linck",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9107-0407"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Guillermo J Copello",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2689-8202"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ayelén F Crespi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9296-5939"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Vega",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7124-2507"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mariela Bollini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Paula G Franco",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0551-791X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Juan M Lázaro-Martínez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7189-6874"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dazrb0tfvffcz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/gels12100912",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704144",
  "id": "dazrb0tfvffcz",
  "issns": [
    "2310-2861"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929946",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1607|Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221350154",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704144?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704144",
  "pmid": "42929946",
  "published": "2026-10-10",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dazrb0tfvffcz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929946",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929946"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1607|Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications",
      "subfield": "physical"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Insights into the Protonation State and Counterion Interactions of Linear Polyethyleneimine Materials.",
  "title_text": "Insights into the Protonation State and Counterion Interactions of Linear Polyethyleneimine Materials.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dazrb0tfvffcz",
  "venue": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}