{
  "abstract": "Cardiovascular diseases, particularly acute myocardial infarction (AMI), remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnostic strategies. Cardiac troponins, especially cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT), are established as gold-standard biomarkers for myocardial injury; however, conventional detection methods suffer from limitations in sensitivity, time consumption, and requirement of complex instrumentation. In recent years, carbon dots (CDs)-based optical biosensors have emerged as promising alternatives due to their excellent photoluminescence properties, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry. This review systematically discusses the role of CDs in fluorescence, colorimetric, and chemiluminescence-based detection of cardiac troponin, highlighting their sensing mechanisms, analytical performance, and integration into portable microfluidic and point-of-care platforms. Furthermore, recent advancements, including Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based systems, nanozyme-assisted assays, and multiplex chemiluminescence platforms, are critically evaluated. Finally, current challenges, limitations, and future perspectives are addressed to provide insights into the development of next-generation CDs-based diagnostic technologies for early and reliable cardiovascular disease detection.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Technical Institute Sulaimani KGR 46001 Iraq shilan.fatah@kti.edu.iq.",
    "Medical Laboratory Department, Nawa Hospital Sulaimaniyah 46001 Kurdistan Region Iraq.",
    "Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani Sulaymaniyah Kurdistan Region 46002 Iraq khalid.omer@univsul.edu.iq.",
    "Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Kurdistan Region of Iraq Iraq.",
    "Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Zakho 42002 Zakho Kurdistan region Iraq."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shilan A Fatah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aryan A Fatah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Elyan A Abdulla"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sanaa K Ali"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Rzgar Sirwan Raza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Sameera Sh Mohammed Ameen",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-3990-5328"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Khalid M Omer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6866-4116"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dbk2mgny66tq7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra05727f",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13643701",
  "id": "dbk2mgny66tq7",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42846348",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220860022",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13643701?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13643701",
  "pmid": "42846348",
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dbk2mgny66tq7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42846348",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42846348"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cardiac troponin sensing via carbon dot-based optical biosensors: advances and clinical opportunities.",
  "title_text": "Cardiac troponin sensing via carbon dot-based optical biosensors: advances and clinical opportunities.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dbk2mgny66tq7",
  "venue": "RSC advances",
  "versions": []
}