{
  "abstract": "Feed spacers can promote membrane-side transport in flat-sheet ultrafiltration channels, but the accompanying hydraulic resistance increases pumping demand. This study combined pure-water pressure-drop measurements with transient three-dimensional ANSYS Fluent simulations to compare a commercial 2/1 twill-woven spacer (T-Base) and 16 systematically varied candidate configurations. A geometry-resolved finite-volume model was evaluated through computational-domain, mesh, and time-step sensitivity assessments; the predicted pressure gradients agreed with the measurements with a mean relative deviation below 4%. The methodological novelty lies in integrating pressure-normalized near-wall efficacy, bilateral wall shear stress balance, and equal-area spatial sampling within a geometry-resolved, multi-indicator framework for comparing spacer configurations with different periodic lengths and mesh densities. At a 60° low attack angle and a superficial inlet velocity of 0.0551 m·s⁻¹, T3823 (filament spacing 0.38 mm, filament diameter 0.23 mm, spacer thickness 0.44 mm) provided the most favorable hydrodynamic trade-off among the 16 candidates. It produced a near-membrane velocity of 0.0220 m·s⁻¹ and a pressure gradient of 53.5 kPa·m⁻¹; its pressure-normalized near-wall efficacy was 1.23 relative to T-Base. T3823 also reduced bilateral membrane shear deviation from 24.91% to 8.30% and near-wall velocity dispersion by 50.7%. Overall, the results highlight the value of coordinated spacer-geometry optimization for balancing near-membrane flow enhancement and hydraulic resistance, with T3823 emerging as the most promising configuration among the candidates evaluated.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Chaoyang Campus, Beijing 100029, China.",
    "Hangzhou Horizone Technologies Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shu Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hongbo Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Dongzhu Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Junteng Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dc0va6fcy3amw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/membranes16100329",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707049",
  "id": "dc0va6fcy3amw",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0375"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931007",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2312|Membrane Separation Technologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214956032",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707049?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707049",
  "pmid": "42931007",
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dc0va6fcy3amw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42931007",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931007"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2312|Membrane Separation Technologies",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comparative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Twill-Woven Feed Spacers in Flat-Sheet Ultrafiltration Membrane Cassettes: Balancing Hydraulic Resistance and Near-Membrane Flow Enhancement.",
  "title_text": "Comparative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Twill-Woven Feed Spacers in Flat-Sheet Ultrafiltration Membrane Cassettes: Balancing Hydraulic Resistance and Near-Membrane Flow Enhancement.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dc0va6fcy3amw",
  "venue": "Membranes",
  "versions": []
}