{
  "abstract": "Many mammalian cells restrict viral replication by utilizing various host restriction factors. We recently demonstrated that CCHC‐type zinc‐finger‐containing protein 3 (ZCCHC3) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) replication through multiple mechanisms. We also revealed that single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in human ZCCHC3 affect its antiviral function; however, whether similar genetic and functional diversity is present in other species remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the genetic and functional diversity of ZCCHC3 in cynomolgus macaques, a critical animal model for HIV‐1‐related research. Sequencing analysis of eight independent ZCCHC3 clones per animal revealed substantial amino acid diversity among cynomolgus macaques. We selected 12 representative variants and examined their antiviral activity against several retroviral vectors derived from HIV‐1, simian immunodeficiency virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and murine leukemia virus. Moreover, using replication‐competent HIV‐1, we showed that selected cynomolgus macaque ZCCHC3 variants can affect both viral production and viral infectivity. These results suggest that the genetic and functional diversity of ZCCHC3 is not limited to humans and underscore the importance of considering ZCCHC3 variation in cynomolgus macaques when using them as animal models for HIV‐1‐related research.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory for Viral Infection Control, Frontier Science Research Center University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan",
    "Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter Exeter England",
    "Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, Research Center for Biosafety, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security Tokyo Japan",
    "Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation Health and Nutrition Ibaraki Japan",
    "Faculty of Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan",
    "Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan",
    "Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan",
    "Center for Animal Disease Control University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jacob Fadipe",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-0579-9244"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Tomotaka Okamura"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Shige H. Yoshimura",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6033-1301"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Akatsuki Saito",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2792-4399"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dc6fa1rmmmkvn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1111/1348-0421.70088",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13729731/",
  "id": "dc6fa1rmmmkvn",
  "issns": [
    "0385-5600",
    "1348-0421"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.70088",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Virology"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2406|HIV Research and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7162189298",
  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1348-0421.70088",
  "pmcid": "PMC13729731",
  "pmid": "42695427",
  "published": "2026-09-04",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dc6fa1rmmmkvn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:22:29Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13729731",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.70088"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "heading:Virology",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Naturally Occurring ZCCHC3 Variants Modulate Antiretroviral Activity in Cynomolgus Macaques",
  "title_text": "Naturally Occurring ZCCHC3 Variants Modulate Antiretroviral Activity in Cynomolgus Macaques",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:22:29Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dc6fa1rmmmkvn",
  "venue": "Microbiology and Immunology",
  "versions": []
}