{
  "abstract": "We present a study of the unfocused particle-induced background measured by the XMM-Newton EPIC-MOS2 detector, extending previous analyses to the end of 2025 and covering approximately twenty-five years of observations. Using out-of-field-of-view (outFOV) data, we investigate the long-term evolution of the particle background over two complete solar cycles and compare it with independent tracers of the Galactic cosmic-rays. We find an extremely tight correlation between the MOS2 outFOV count rate and the AMS proton flux, with an intrinsic scatter of only about 1.1\\%, confirming that variations in the unfocused background are primarily driven by changes in the Galactic cosmic-rays flux. The extended temporal baseline clearly reveals the modulation associated with the solar cycle and the characteristic signatures of the 22 year Hale cycle. A Lomb-Scargle analysis identifies a dominant periodicity at 11.28 yr, while structure-function and wavelet analyses reveal a persistent $\\sim$27 day modulation associated with solar rotation. We also confirm the presence of a residual background component that does not scale with the Galactic cosmic-ray flux, consistent with previous studies and possibly associated with Compton-scattered high-energy X-ray photons. This work places the particle-induced background measured by the XMM-Newton EPIC-MOS2 detector in the broader context of Galactic cosmic-ray studies, while also providing direct implications for the development of background-monitoring and mitigation strategies for future X-ray missions such as \\textit{NewAthena}.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.27121",
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "B. Vaia"
    },
    {
      "name": "F. Gastaldello"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Molendi"
    },
    {
      "name": "I. Bartalucci"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Balboni"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Ghizzardi"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. Lovisari"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Marelli"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Rossetti"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. Tiengo"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Macculi"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Lotti"
    },
    {
      "name": "V. Fioretti"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Mineo"
    },
    {
      "name": "G. Schellenberger"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. E. Grant"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dcaxq3dx6np6f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.27121",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "dcaxq3dx6np6f",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27121",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.HE"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.IM"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3105|Astronomy and Astrophysical Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223138390",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.27121",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dcaxq3dx6np6f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:34:04Z",
      "native_id": "2610.27121",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27121"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.HE",
      "subfield": "high-energy-astrophysics"
    },
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.IM",
      "subfield": "instrumentation-methods"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Twenty-five years of XMM-Newton EPIC-MOS2 Unfocused Particle Background: Solar Cycle Modulation, Galactic Cosmic-Ray Correlation, and Implications for NewAthena",
  "title_text": "Twenty-five years of XMM-Newton EPIC-MOS2 Unfocused Particle Background: Solar Cycle Modulation, Galactic Cosmic-Ray Correlation, and Implications for NewAthena",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:34:04Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dcaxq3dx6np6f",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}