{
  "abstract": "Ginsenoside Rg3 (Gs-Rg3), a bioactive component of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., shows neuroprotective potential in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the therapeutic efficacy of Gs-Rg3 is constrained by its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. This study aimed to develop ginsenoside Rg3 liposomes (Rg3-Lips) and investigate their neuroprotective effects and mechanisms on PD models. Rg3-Lips were prepared by the thin-film dispersion method. In vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and treated with Rg3-Lips. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, molecules in Nrf2/GCLM and Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 pathways were assessed. In vivo, PD mice were treated with Rg3-Lips or Gs-Rg3. Motor functions were evaluated and dopaminergic nerve, apoptosis, GSH, and relevant proteins in substantia nigra and striatum were analyzed. Optimized Rg3-Lips exhibited a mean particle size of 170.78 nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 93.33%, and a zeta potential of −1.92 mV. In vitro, Rg3-Lips significantly increased cell viability, reduced LDH release and ROS levels, upregulated levels of nuclear Nrf2, GCLM and downregulated Cleaved Caspase-3 expression. In vivo, Rg3-Lips improved motor functions of PD mice, increased TH-positive neurons and fibers in the substantia nigra and striatum, reduced apoptosis, elevated GSH levels, and modulated Nrf2/GCLM and Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 protein expression, showing better efficacy than Gs-Rg3. In summary, Rg3-Lips exerted neuroprotective effects in experimental PD models, suggesting its potential neuroprotective and therapeutic effects in experimental PD models. Furthermore, Rg3-Lips led to improved pharmacological effects over the conventional active pharmaceutical ingredient.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China",
    "School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaohan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhuohui Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yuan Du"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xue Jia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rongcai Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bing Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fenghua Fu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tian Wang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ddq9qdkbtqpn8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fcell.2026.1963330",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13731202/",
  "id": "ddq9qdkbtqpn8",
  "issns": [
    "2296-634X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1963330",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3004|Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223115524",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1963330/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13731202",
  "pmid": "42984629",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ddq9qdkbtqpn8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:21:26Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13731202",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1963330"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3004|Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Preparation of ginsenoside Rg3 liposomes and evaluating its protective effect on models of Parkinson’s disease",
  "title_text": "Preparation of ginsenoside Rg3 liposomes and evaluating its protective effect on models of Parkinson’s disease",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:26Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ddq9qdkbtqpn8",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology",
  "versions": []
}