{
  "abstract": "This study evaluates the effect of the reduction degree of graphene oxide on the cyclization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in composite PAN/GO membranes prepared by phase inversion. All composite membranes contained the same amount of graphene-based additive, namely 5 wt.% relative to dry PAN, which made it possible to separate the effect of additive loading from the effect of surface chemistry. The additives were obtained from a single batch of graphene oxide and subjected to controlled thermal reduction. Their oxygen contents, determined by EDS, were 7.2, 15.3, 24.6, 35.4 and 48.1 wt.% for PAN/GO-1, PAN/GO-2, PAN/GO-3, PAN/GO-4 and PAN/GO-5, respectively. DSC analysis showed that, in the PAN/GO-2-PAN/GO-5 series, the maximum temperature of the exothermic PAN cyclization effect decreased from 294 to 224 °C as the oxygen content increased, while the cyclization enthalpy decreased from 506.7 to 404.2 J/g. PAN/GO-1, containing the most strongly reduced additive with 7.2 wt.% oxygen, showed a different behavior, with the highest cyclization maximum, approximately 316 °C, and the highest enthalpy, 628.5 J/g. FTIR spectra confirmed the disappearance of the nitrile band at approximately 2240 cm⁻¹ and the growth of C=N/C=C bands assigned to the developing PAN ladder structure. SEM observations showed that all selected membranes retained an asymmetric, macrovoid-containing architecture, while local differences in surface topography and cross-sectional heterogeneity were present. The results demonstrate a non-monotonic response across the complete series and indicate an association between reduction treatment, total oxygen content, and PAN cyclization; changes in dispersion, morphology, and polymer-filler interfacial organization may also contribute.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Engineering Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biała, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ryszard Fryczkowski",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6395-2234"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Beata Fryczkowska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4240-0630"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dex4byyye2e6h.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/membranes16100345",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707102",
  "id": "dex4byyye2e6h",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0375"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931023",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2312|Membrane Separation Technologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222971625",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707102?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707102",
  "pmid": "42931023",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dex4byyye2e6h.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42931023",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931023"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2312|Membrane Separation Technologies",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effect of the Reduction Degree of Graphene Oxide on the Cyclization of Polyacrylonitrile in PAN/GO Composite Membranes Prepared by Phase Inversion.",
  "title_text": "Effect of the Reduction Degree of Graphene Oxide on the Cyclization of Polyacrylonitrile in PAN/GO Composite Membranes Prepared by Phase Inversion.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dex4byyye2e6h",
  "venue": "Membranes",
  "versions": []
}