{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nThe American Diabetes Association recommends screening for diabetes distress in individuals with diabetes and their caregivers. We evaluated the clinical utility of the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Parent Revised version (PAID-PR) distress screener in caregivers of young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and examined associations between diabetes distress, demographic and clinical characteristics, and diabetes technology use.Methods\n\nIn this prospective survey study, caregivers of children with T1DM aged <8 years completed the PAID-PR during multidisciplinary diabetes clinic visits. The PAID-PR scores and clinical data were collected. Associations between diabetes distress, clinical characteristics, and diabetes technology use were assessed using the Fisher exact, Wilcoxon rank sum, and 2-sample t tests. Distress related to theoretical vs immediate burdens was compared using paired t tests.Results\n\nThirty caregivers (73.3% mothers) of children with T1DM (mean age [SD] = 5.4y [1.9], 70% non-Hispanic White, 60% commercially insured) completed the PAID-PR. Child median diabetes duration was 1.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.6, 2.3), median HbA1c 7.6% (IQR = 6.9, 8.1). All children used continuous glucose monitors, 73.3% Omnipod 5, 6.7% Tandem Mobi, and 20% multiple daily injections. The median distress score was 30.6/100 (IQR = 22.2, 36.1; the lowest 75th percentile of distress = 24.3 [12.5, 31.9]; the highest 25th percentile = 42.9 [38.6, 52.8]). Scores did not differ by demographics, clinical characteristics, or diabetes technology use. Caregivers indicated significantly greater distress from theoretical vs immediate burdens (P < .0001).Conclusions\n\nCaregivers of young children with T1DM experience greater distress related to anticipated future (theoretical) burdens than with immediate diabetes management. Understanding these distress patterns can help guide psychosocial supports.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.",
    "Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elena D Georges",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-3151-2060"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Neha Parimi",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1338-8270"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Karen Dimentstein",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8732-845X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elizabeth A Brown",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1137-664X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Risa M Wolf",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7674-520X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dfzk5g517av01.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1177/19322968261492339",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13680553",
  "id": "dfzk5g517av01",
  "issns": [
    "1932-2968"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894327",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes Management and Education"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222949972",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13680553?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13680553",
  "pmid": "42894327",
  "published": "2026-10-18",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dfzk5g517av01.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42894327",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894327"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Diabetes Management and Education",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Diabetes Distress in Caregivers of Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.",
  "title_text": "Diabetes Distress in Caregivers of Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dfzk5g517av01",
  "venue": "Journal of diabetes science and technology",
  "versions": []
}