{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Rice-based cropping systems in the Yangtze River Basin of China are diverse.\n\nObjectives: However, most previous studies have focused primarily on improving the yield, resource use efficiency, or reducing the carbon emissions of individual systems, with few comprehensive comparisons across different systems.\n\nMethods: To address this knowledge gap, a two-year field experiment combined with a survey of 190 farmers was conducted to evaluate the sustainability performance index (SPI) of four systems in this region: rice−fallow (RF), rice−green manure (RG), rice−wheat (RW), and rice−rapeseed (RR). Results showed that the RR and RW systems achieved higher yields than the RG and RF systems in both experiments and surveys.\n\nResults and conclusions: Average rice equivalent yields of the RR, RW, and RG systems exceeded those of the RF by 124.5%, 86.2% and 13.3%, respectively, in the experiments (RF, 9.34 t ha ⁻¹ ), and by 66.9%, 58.2%, and 2.8% in the surveys (RF, 8.96 t ha ⁻¹ ). The RR and RW systems also exhibited higher net energy, radiation use efficiency, and accumulated temperature production efficiency. Although the RR and RW systems incurred higher carbon and agricultural cost, their superior grain yield resulted in a greater net economic income, net ecosystem economic budge, and benefit-cost ratio than the RF and RG systems. Furthermore, the carbon emission intensity of the RR, RW, and RG systems in the experiments was 31.3%, 28.5%, and 8.1% lower than that of the RF (102.2 kg CO ₂ eq GJ ⁻¹ ), respectively, with corresponding reductions of 22.3%, 39.4%, and 25.8% in the surveys (RF, 85.7 kg CO ₂ eq GJ ⁻¹ ). Overall, the RR and RW systems exhibited higher SPI with enhanced productivity, resource use efficiency, and economic benefits, despite comparable or marginally increased environmental impacts.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences , , ,",
    "College of Agriculture, Yangtze University , , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yalan Ji"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuang Cheng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhong Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Youzun Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "XueYuan Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Huawen Zou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yongjin Zhou"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dgd3jswtkkd23.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2026.1933498",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13671957/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "dgd3jswtkkd23",
  "issns": [
    "1664-462X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13671957",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1102|Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215111746",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13671957/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13671957",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dgd3jswtkkd23.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:18Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13671957",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13671957"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:25Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpls.2026.1933498",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1933498/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1102|Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Strategies for sustainable crop production in the Yangtze River Basin of China: insights from field experiments and farm surveys",
  "title_text": "Strategies for sustainable crop production in the Yangtze River Basin of China: insights from field experiments and farm surveys",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:25Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dgd3jswtkkd23",
  "venue": "Frontiers in plant science",
  "versions": []
}