{
  "abstract": "There is an urgent and unmet need for a practical clinical guideline addressing the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), insulin pumps and automated insulin delivery (AID) systems in hospital settings. The goal with this position statement is to facilitate effective and safe use of these devices to improve glycaemic management, enhance outcomes and contribute to standardisation efforts in initiating or continuing the use of these devices in hospitals for non-critically ill hospitalised adults. The topics covered include selection criteria for management with diabetes technologies, CGM-derived glycaemic metrics and goals for adults with diabetes, insulin titration and administration guidelines, perioperative care, CGM alarm settings for hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, clinical staff training and workflows, integration of device data with the electronic health record, imaging tests considerations and discharge planning.\n\nGraphical Abstract:\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06838-8.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark",
    "Baltimore VA Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA",
    "Diabetes, Endocrine & Metabolism Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS, Manchester, UK",
    "Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK",
    "Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK",
    "Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK",
    "Department of Diabetes, King’s College Hospital, and King’s College London, London, UK",
    "Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK",
    "Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK",
    "Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK",
    "National Institute for Health and Care Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK",
    "Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA",
    "Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, San Diego, CA USA",
    "Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA",
    "University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC Australia",
    "Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra India",
    "Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK",
    "School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK",
    "Division of Biochemistry, Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association and The Ottawa Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada",
    "Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",
    "Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA",
    "Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA",
    "Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA",
    "Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Copenhagen University Hospital – North Zealand, Hilleroed, Denmark",
    "Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark",
    "Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 26,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mikkel T. Olsen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2474-6168"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Elias K. Spanakis",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9352-7172"
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    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Hood Thabit",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6076-6997"
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    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
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      "name": "Ketan Dhatariya",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3619-9579"
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    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Omar G. Mustafa",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3123-809X"
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    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Parizad Avari",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9047-3589"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Alistair N. Lumb",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7041-9534"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Katheleen Dungan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1289-1595"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Athena Philis-Tsimikas",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3986-9630"
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    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Kristen Kulasa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3559-5046"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "David N. O’Neal",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0870-4032"
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    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Shashank R. Joshi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0990-5821"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16,
        17
      ],
      "name": "Alexandros L. Liarakos",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1713-3064"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16,
        17
      ],
      "name": "Emma G. Wilmot",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8698-6207"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        18
      ],
      "name": "Julie L. V. Shaw",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9416-787X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        19
      ],
      "name": "Roman Vangoitsenhoven",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3523-669X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        19
      ],
      "name": "Chantal Mathieu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6099-2406"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        20
      ],
      "name": "Irl B. Hirsch",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1675-8417"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        21
      ],
      "name": "Priyathama Vellanki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        21
      ],
      "name": "Francisco J. Pasquel",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3845-6703"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        21
      ],
      "name": "Guillermo Umpierrez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3252-5026"
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    {
      "affs": [
        22
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      "name": "Rodolfo J. Galindo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9295-3225"
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    {
      "affs": [
        23,
        24
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      "name": "Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0588-4880"
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    {
      "affs": [
        23,
        24
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      "name": "Peter L. Kristensen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5431-824X"
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    {
      "affs": [
        25
      ],
      "name": "Julia K. Mader",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7854-4233"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        24
      ],
      "name": "Kirsten Nørgaard",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1620-8271"
    }
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dggs56cn1wb93.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s00125-026-06838-8",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13714031/",
  "id": "dggs56cn1wb93",
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06838-8",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
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  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Position Statement"
    ],
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      "2712|Diabetes Management and Research"
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  "openalex": "W7213976388",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00125-026-06838-8.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13714031",
  "pmid": "42771181",
  "published": "2026-09-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dggs56cn1wb93.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:21:36Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13714031",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06838-8"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Diabetes Management and Research",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "An international position statement on practical approaches for inpatient continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pumps and automated insulin delivery systems in adults",
  "title_text": "An international position statement on practical approaches for inpatient continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pumps and automated insulin delivery systems in adults",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:21:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dggs56cn1wb93",
  "venue": "Diabetologia",
  "versions": []
}