{
  "abstract": "Viral interference between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory virus infections has been implicated, but symptom-based testing in observational studies may bias estimations. We used individual participant data from ten cohort studies conducted during pandemic years 2020–2024 to study virus interference. Respiratory samples were PCR-tested for viruses including SARS-CoV-2. The primary analysis was based on samples collected from cohort participants regardless of respiratory symptoms. A secondary analysis included only symptom-based testing data. We estimated odds ratios for co-occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses. The primary analysis included data from six cohorts (n = 1 023). In total 205 of 2 465 samples were SARS-CoV-2 positive (8.3%). Co-detections with SARS-CoV-2 occurred less frequently than expected under the assumption of zero interference (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.40–1.25) for samples positive for another virus. The secondary analysis (five cohorts, n = 1 715) included 2 088 samples from symptomatic subjects, with 506 SARS-CoV-2 infections (24.2%). The OR of SARS-CoV-2 detection was 0.16 (95% CI: 0.10–0.25) for samples positive for another virus. Minimizing selection bias, our results still point towards negative viral interference with SARS-CoV-2, but effect-estimates are weaker and non-significant. Apart from selection bias, the stronger effects found in symptomatic individuals could also indicate that symptomatic infection enhances virus interference.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    "Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Spaarne Gasthuis Hoofddorp, The Netherlands",
    "Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, The Netherlands",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, The Netherlands",
    "Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Netherlands",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Spaarne Gasthuis, The Netherlands",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, The Netherlands",
    "National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands",
    "Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, The Netherlands",
    "Department of Pediatrics and Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands",
    "Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    "Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    "Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium",
    "Department of Primary Care, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 20,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Emma S. E. M. Hauser-van Westrhenen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marieke L. A. De Hoog"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Angelique M. A. M. Winkel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Laia Junquera Guinovart",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-9259-0213"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "A. H. Ayesha Lavell"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Menno D. de Jong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Marlies A. van Houten"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Steven F. L. van Lelyveld"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Dirk Eggink"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Sjoerd Euser"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Liesbeth Duijts"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Joanne G. Wildenbeest"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Rob Schuurman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Janneke H. H. M. van de Wijgert",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2728-4560"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Margareta Ieven"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Katherine Loens"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Alike W. van der Velden"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marc J. M. Bonten"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Herman Goossens"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Patricia C. J. L. Bruijning-Verhagen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dgtqbnxpnka7t.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1017/s0950268826102088",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13749192/",
  "id": "dgtqbnxpnka7t",
  "issns": [
    "0950-2688",
    "1469-4409"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268826102088",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Paper"
    ],
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      "openalex",
      "2725|SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research"
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  "openalex": "W7221807855",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/392928466166C547ACED04D1F3685C27/S0950268826102088a.pdf/div-class-title-viral-interference-with-sars-cov-2-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-an-individual-participant-data-meta-analysis-div.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13749192",
  "pmid": "42872507",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": "Cambridge University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dgtqbnxpnka7t.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-14T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13749192",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268826102088"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Viral interference with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic: An individual participant data meta-analysis",
  "title_text": "Viral interference with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic: An individual participant data meta-analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-14T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dgtqbnxpnka7t",
  "venue": "Epidemiology and Infection",
  "versions": []
}