{
  "abstract": "Statistical methods often make assumptions about independence between the samples or features of a dataset, yet correlation structure is ubiquitous in real data. In statistical genetics, correlation between regression summary statistics due to linkage disequilibrium (LD) between nearby variants complicates downstream analysis. Many methods use LD reference panels to account for this correlation. Whitening transformations comprise a family of methods to remove correlation structure, and are used implicitly by many common models. Here we propose a probabilistic model for data whitening, and propose parameter estimates and efficient algorithms to improve statistical and computational performance. In an application to impute z-statistics from unobserved genetic variants from a genome-wide association study of schizophrenia, the probabilistic whitening transformation, had the lowest mean square error while being up to an order of magnitude faster than other methods. Using this approach, we also identify tandem repeats that explain genetic regulatory signals for disease-relevant genes. Analyses are implemented in our novel open source R packages decorrelate and imputez. Author summary: Many statistical methods for analysis of regression summary statistics from genome-wide association statistics incorporate linkage disequilibrium matrices from a reference panel. Here, we examine whitening transformations, a general family of linear algebra operations that account for correlation structure. By examining the statistical properties and computational limitations of existing whitening transforms, we propose a novel approach to improve statistical performance and computational efficiency.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America",
    "Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America",
    "Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America",
    "Center for Precision Medicine and Translational Therapeutics, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gabriel E. Hoffman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Christian P. Dillard"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Kiran Girdhar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Panos Roussos"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dhgyfyt76e863.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1012320",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1012320",
  "id": "dhgyfyt76e863",
  "issns": [
    "1553-7404"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1012320",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1311|Genetic Associations and Epidemiology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Computational biology/Genome analysis/Genome-wide association studies"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Computational biology/Genomics statistics"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Genetics/Genomics"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Genetics/Genomics/Genome analysis/Genome-wide association studies"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Genetics/Genomics/Genomics statistics"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Genetics/Genomics/Repeated sequences/Tandem repeats"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Genetics/Human genetics/Genome-wide association studies"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Molecular biology/Molecular biology techniques/Genetic transformation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Mathematics/Algebra/Linear algebra/Singular value decomposition"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Mathematics/Probability theory/Random variables/Covariance"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Mathematics/Statistics/Statistical data"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Molecular biology techniques/Genetic transformation"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224104051",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1012320&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dhgyfyt76e863.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1012320",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1012320"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:computational biology",
      "subfield": "bioinformatics"
    },
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:genomics",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Fast probabilistic whitening transformation for ultra-high dimensional genetic data",
  "title_text": "Fast probabilistic whitening transformation for ultra-high dimensional genetic data",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dhgyfyt76e863",
  "venue": "PLOS Genetics",
  "versions": []
}