{
  "abstract": "Background and Objectives: Code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs) provide fast and reliable control signals for reactive brain-computer interfaces (rBCIs). However, deployment beyond laboratories remains limited by visually intrusive stimulation, reliance on wet electroencephalography (EEG), and false activations during non-control periods. We introduce a usability-oriented c-VEP rBCI combining low-salience textured stimulation, slow flashing codes, asynchronous evidence accumulation, and semi-dry EEG acquisition. Methods: Thirty participants evaluated the system on a standard screen using an 11-class keypad typing task. Two identical online typing sessions were separated by a 2-min video-viewing period serving as an explicit idle condition. Feasibility was then assessed in virtual reality (VR) through a proof-of-concept shell-game task involving head movements and immersive rendering constraints. Visual comfort, peripheral distraction, and fatigue were assessed subjectively in both conditions. Results: In the keypad task, the system achieved 99.8% accuracy with 33 s of calibration data and a mean decoding time of 4.3 s. No spurious commands occurred during the tested 2-min idle condition. In VR, online accuracy reached 100%, with a mean decoding time of 5.6 s. Participants reported high visual comfort and minimal peripheral distraction in both conditions, although fatigue was higher in VR. Conclusion: The proposed c-VEP rBCI combines short calibration, high accuracy, comfortable stimulation, semi-dry EEG, and asynchronous decision-making. Performance during the explicit idle condition and VR implementation support the feasibility of wearable and practical c-VEP systems for self-paced interaction beyond laboratory environments. These findings encourage evaluation in longer idle periods and real-world tasks.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "ISAE-SUPAERO"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "F. dehais"
    },
    {
      "name": "E. Maggi"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Cabrera-Castillos"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/djker1rjtwmkj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.09.29.754884",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1.full",
  "id": "djker1rjtwmkj",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220454322",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-29",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/djker1rjtwmkj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:26:05Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.09.29.754884",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.29.754884v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A Semi-Dry, Visually Comfortable c-VEP BCI with Short Calibration, Conservative Idle-State Behavior, and a VR Proof of Concept",
  "title_text": "A Semi-Dry, Visually Comfortable c-VEP BCI with Short Calibration, Conservative Idle-State Behavior, and a VR Proof of Concept",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:26:05Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/djker1rjtwmkj",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}