{
  "abstract": "Gaze shifts are fundamental to visual exploration and processing, yet empirical knowledge is largely confined to a small number of model species, limiting our understanding of general principles of visual acquisition across animals. Here, we introduce a versatile, low-cost, and open-source framework design for eye-tracking in small, freely moving animals. Leveraging photogrammetry, 3D modeling, and 3D-printing, we produce headmounts adaptable to diverse head-eye geometries, as we demonstrate for lizards, turtles, and mice. Detailed recordings in Pogona vitticeps, a laterally eyed ectotherm with a high-acuity retina, reveal a rich oculomotor repertoire with kinematics closely resembling the saccadic main sequence in primates. We found both movement-coupled large binocular saccades, which exhibited a strong axial bias as well as small, isotropic, and monocular saccades suggesting a capacity for visual exploration of local details. Visual acquisition strategies were strongly tied to behavioral states with periods of active sampling (3–5 Hz saccades) separated by periods of ocular stillness lasting many seconds and suggesting a visual acquisition strategy distinct from those commonly described in endothermic model species. Furthermore, active states were correlated with pupil constriction in contrast to mammals and similarly to birds. Our results demonstrate the utility of our experimental approach for understanding visual acquisition across terrestrial vertebrates. Such a multi-perspective view on natural visual acquisition across species will be essential for developing a generalized understanding of vision, its ecological functions, and its evolutionary trajectory.\n\nVisual acquisition relies on coordinated gaze shifts, yet our understanding of eye movement strategies remains limited to a few model species. This study develops head mounts adaptable to the head-eye geometries of lizards, mice and turtles, revealing diverse state dependent eye movements and visual sampling behaviors.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel",
    "Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"
  ],
  "article_type": "Methods and Resources",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nimrod Leberstein"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tali Remenick"
    },
    {
      "name": "Milan Becker"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mark Shein-Idelson"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dkne87xgj3q6y.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3004066",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004066",
  "id": "dkne87xgj3q6y",
  "issns": [
    "1545-7885"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004066",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Head/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Ocular anatomy/Pupil"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Vision"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Sensory perception/Vision"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Sensory systems/Visual system/Eye movements"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Animals/Vertebrates/Amniotes/Reptiles/Squamates/Lizards"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Animals/Vertebrates/Amniotes/Reptiles/Testudines/Turtles"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Sensory physiology/Visual system/Eye movements"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Behavior/Animal behavior"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Vision"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animal behavior"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animals/Vertebrates/Amniotes/Reptiles/Squamates/Lizards"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animals/Vertebrates/Amniotes/Reptiles/Testudines/Turtles"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Equipment/Optical equipment/Cameras"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Head/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Ocular anatomy/Pupil"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Behavior/Animal behavior"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Vision"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004066&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-03",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dkne87xgj3q6y.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:20:43Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3004066",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004066"
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  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:animal behavior",
      "subfield": "zoology-behaviour"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:anatomy",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "An open-source eye-tracking system adaptable to diverse terrestrial vertebrates reveals state-dependent visual acquisition in lizards",
  "title_text": "An open-source eye-tracking system adaptable to diverse terrestrial vertebrates reveals state-dependent visual acquisition in lizards",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:20:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dkne87xgj3q6y",
  "venue": "PLOS Biology",
  "versions": []
}