{
  "abstract": "The human microbiome provides a robust ecosystem for mucosal barrier function, immune regulation, metabolism, and resistance to pathogen infection. Dysbiosis causes inflammatory bowel disease, oral inflammation, wound damage, skin disease, and cancer-related immune dysregulation. Current probiotic therapy is limited by low survival during storage and administration, low oral bioavailability, short retention time, and insufficient targeting. Probiotic-hydrogel systems combine viable microorganisms with natural or synthetic polymer networks to promote probiotic protection, local retention, and controlled release. They can also incorporate prebiotics, engineered bacteria, oxygen-releasing agents, antioxidants, growth factors, drugs, or advanced manufacturing techniques such as microfluidics and 3D printing. Recent preclinical studies suggest that probiotic-hydrogel can modulate local microbes, suppress pathogens, control inflammation, support barrier repair, and promote tissue regeneration. However, most evidence is far from clinical, and human data are limited to a small number of oral and periodontal applications. In this review, we summarize the design strategies, encapsulation approaches, mechanistic frameworks, disease-based evidence, and translational challenges of probiotic-hydrogel. In particular, we paid attention to evidence level, safety, manufacturing, regulatory classification, product stability, clinical trial design. Such issues need to be well understood before probiotic-hydrogel can move from experimental platforms to clinically applicable microbiome treatments.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, 030032, China.",
    "Cancer Center, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China.",
    "Cancer Center, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China. luying@sxbqeh.com.cn.",
    "Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Translational Nuclear Medicine and Precision Protection, Taiyuan, 030032, China. luying@sxbqeh.com.cn.",
    "Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China. jianbo2611@sxmu.edu.cn."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yu Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Guannan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Qinying Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jialing Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ying Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jianbo Song"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dn57gmrsnzce5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s13036-026-00740-y",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718134",
  "id": "dn57gmrsnzce5",
  "issns": [
    "1754-1611"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42958554",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1106|Probiotics and Fermented Foods"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7172095112",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718134?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13718134",
  "pmid": "42958554",
  "published": "2026-08-01",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dn57gmrsnzce5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:47Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42958554",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42958554"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:22:15Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13718134",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-026-00740-y"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F13",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Probiotic-hydrogel systems for microbiome-associated diseases: design principles, preclinical evidence, and translational challenges.",
  "title_text": "Probiotic-hydrogel systems for microbiome-associated diseases: design principles, preclinical evidence, and translational challenges.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dn57gmrsnzce5",
  "venue": "Journal of biological engineering",
  "versions": []
}