{
  "abstract": "Accurate snake identification is critical for effective antivenom treatment following snakebite envenoming, but remains a major diagnostic challenge. Here, we developed a prototype lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) designed to distinguish krait ( Bungarus ) from cobra ( Naja ) envenoming in Southeast Asia. To enhance point-of-care utility, the assay employs variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies (V H Hs). The V H Hs target α-bungarotoxin (α-BuTx), a neurotoxin unique to Bungarus , with negative selection strategies to minimize cross-reactivity with α-cobratoxin in Naja venom. Our prototype LFIA detected α-BuTx with a visual limit of detection of 0.5–5 ng/mL in running buffer and spiked urine and serum samples. Additionally, the assay detected Bungarus whole venom at 50–500 ng/mL in running buffer. No cross-reactivity with Naja venom was observed at clinically relevant concentrations, with signals detected only at supraphysiological concentrations (≥50,000 ng/mL). These results support the feasibility of using V H H-based LFIAs for guiding timely, targeted antivenom administration in resource-limited settings.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Suthimon Thumtecho",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8853-6568"
    },
    {
      "name": "Selma B. Belfakir",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0085-4845"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tenna V. K. Christensen",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-2131-1707"
    },
    {
      "name": "Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0272-6150"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nick J. Burlet",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-5099-3971"
    },
    {
      "name": "Anne Ljungars",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2158-0601"
    },
    {
      "name": "Georgina M. S. Ross",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2145-2386"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andreas H. Laustsen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6918-5574"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dnxmekzxqfw40.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-73595-4",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "dnxmekzxqfw40",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73595-4",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1311|Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222797517",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73595-4_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-17",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dnxmekzxqfw40.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-73595-4",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73595-4"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1311|Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Nanobody-based lateral flow assays for the detection of α-bungarotoxin in Bungarus snake venoms",
  "title_text": "Nanobody-based lateral flow assays for the detection of α-bungarotoxin in Bungarus snake venoms",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dnxmekzxqfw40",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}