{
  "abstract": "Lysimachia foenum-graecum is an aromatic plant rich in diverse volatile metabolites; however, the complexity of its volatile composition and chemical variability remain challenges for understanding and improving its aromatic characteristics. This study aimed to investigate steam explosion-induced remodeling of volatile metabolites in L. foenum-graecum essential oils from Guangxi and Yunnan origins. Steam explosion conditions were optimized using single-factor experiments combined with an orthogonal experimental design, and volatile profiles of essential oils before and after treatment were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multivariate statistical analyses were further applied to identify differential volatile compounds associated with steam explosion treatment. Although the individual optima observed in the single-factor experiments differed from those of the final combination, orthogonal optimization identified a residence time of 60 s, a moisture addition ratio of 30%, and a steam pressure of 1.5 MPa as the optimal combination, yielding an essential oil yield of 0.603% ± 0.009%. A total of 95 volatile compounds were identified from essential oils of the two geographical origins. Although the total volatile content decreased after steam explosion treatment, distinct alterations in volatile metabolite profiles were observed, characterized by the selective reduction of phenolic compounds and long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives. OPLS-DA clearly differentiated untreated and treated samples, and 20 key differential compounds were identified using VIP > 1 and p < 0.05, most of which were long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, including cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, and (E)-phytol. Despite the reduction in the total GC-MS-detectable volatile content, steam explosion altered the volatile composition of L. foenum-graecum . Sensory evaluation showed trends toward increased herbal and roasted attributes, although these changes were not statistically significant. This study provides new insights into steam explosion-induced regulation of volatile metabolite composition in aromatic plants and highlights its potential as a physicochemical strategy for modulating the chemical profiles of L. foenum-graecum .",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd.",
    "College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lei Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yongzhen Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiao Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Changtong Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiaming Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haoyang Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gaolei Xi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Pengfei Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Miao Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qingfu Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yibo Ning"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dp9pe7nzpazdr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2026.1962102",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13716804/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "dp9pe7nzpazdr",
  "issns": [
    "1664-462X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1962102/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1106|Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222072135",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1962102/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13716804",
  "pmid": "42959304",
  "published": "2026-10-15",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dp9pe7nzpazdr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:25Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpls.2026.1962102",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1962102/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:37Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13716804",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13716804"
    },
    {
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      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42959304"
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:24:00Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13716804",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1962102"
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  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "issn:1664-462X",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Steam explosion-induced remodeling of volatile metabolites in Lysimachia foenum-graecum essential oil revealed by GC-MS and chemometric analysis",
  "title_text": "Steam explosion-induced remodeling of volatile metabolites in Lysimachia foenum-graecum essential oil revealed by GC-MS and chemometric analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:21:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dp9pe7nzpazdr",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Plant Science",
  "versions": []
}