{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Gastrointestinal complications are common in enterally fed adults with neurogenic dysphagia. This study examined the association of functional oral intake with stool form and defecation frequency in this population. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included adults receiving enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Functional oral intake was assessed using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), nutritional risk using the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), and stool consistency using the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). Defecation frequency, daily fluid intake, enteral feeding duration, and feeding route were also recorded. Correlation and multivariable regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 100 participants were included: 55 were classified as FOIS Level 1 and 45 as FOIS Levels 2–3. FOIS Level 1 was associated with hard versus normal stool (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 10.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.59–29.12; p < 0.001), with consistent adjusted and Firth estimates. The unadjusted association with soft/watery versus normal stool was nominally significant (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.04–9.72; p = 0.043). Recorded fluid intake excluded formula water and was lower in FOIS Level 1, which entails no oral intake (p = 0.024). Defecation frequency differed between groups (p = 0.003). Conclusions: FOIS Level 1 was associated with hard stool, and defecation frequency differed between FOIS-defined feeding-status groups. Clinical differences between groups and unmeasured confounding limit interpretation. These findings are exploratory and hypothesis-generating and do not establish an independent or causal effect of FOIS status on bowel function.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey",
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey",
    "Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey",
    "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey",
    "Department of Otolaryngology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital University of Health Sciences, 34200 Istanbul, Turkey",
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 06230 Ankara, Turkey",
    "Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Burak Manay",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-9509-4633"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mustafa İbas",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3026-8473"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hakan Parlak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mehmet Nuri Elgörmüş",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-9147-0250"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mehmet Şerif Önen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Özcan Sönmez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Gizem İbas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ramazan Ocal",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9087-4806"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alperen Şentürk",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7444-7281"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ramazan Güven"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dpf7dyde50zkp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15218529",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "dpf7dyde50zkp",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8529",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dpf7dyde50zkp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15218529",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8529"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Functional Oral Intake and Bowel Function in Enterally Fed Adults with Neurogenic Dysphagia: A Cross-Sectional Study",
  "title_text": "Functional Oral Intake and Bowel Function in Enterally Fed Adults with Neurogenic Dysphagia: A Cross-Sectional Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:25Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dpf7dyde50zkp",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}