{
  "abstract": "Triplet-state photosensitizers (3Sens*) are central to carbon cycling and pollutant degradation in sunlit surface and atmospheric waters, but their environmental roles remain only partly understood. Although the photophysical and photochemical properties of 3Sens* have been investigated, most studies remain confined to simplified systems with limited environmental relevance. This review critically analyzes approaches for characterizing the kinetic behavior of 3Sens*, focusing on bimolecular quenching rate constants (kq, M-1 s-1), and evaluates the strengths and limitations of current methodologies for their determination. A curated dataset (n = 105), spanning 5 orders of magnitude (105 to 109 M-1 s-1), is then used to analyze how molecular structure (electron-donating groups, conjugation, steric hindrance) and environmental conditions (pH, solvent polarity, ionic strength, temperature) govern kq and alter underlying reaction mechanisms. By coupling kinetic isotope effects with spectroscopic evidence, the review distinguishes redox-driven pathways from energy transfer processes. These insights connect molecular-scale controls on kq with environmentally relevant conditions. However, key gaps remain in triplet-yield data, mixed-photosensitizer systems, and interfacial processes limiting our understanding of 3Sens*-mediated transformations in aqueous and atmospheric multiphase environments.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha410083, China.",
    "Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha410083, China.",
    "Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Torino10125, Italy.",
    "Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States.",
    "Department G1─General Water Quality Issues, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Division G─Qualitative Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz56068, Germany.",
    "Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, Faculty 3: Mathematics/Natural Sciences, University of Koblenz, Universitätsstraße 1, Koblenz56070, Germany.",
    "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sha Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Keying Fan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Davide Vione",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2841-5721"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yiwu Tang",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6218-0332"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Richard Spinney"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Jannis Wenk",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9182-0407"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ruiyang Xiao",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9516-2202"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqgvw0fsc9t7t.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.6c05761",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13614200",
  "id": "dqgvw0fsc9t7t",
  "issns": [
    "0013-936X",
    "1520-5851"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42916258",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1606|Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212121700",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13614200?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13614200",
  "pmid": "42916258",
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqgvw0fsc9t7t.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42916258",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42916258"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1606|Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies",
      "subfield": "physical"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Quenching Kinetics of Triplet-State Photosensitizers in Environmental Photochemistry.",
  "title_text": "Quenching Kinetics of Triplet-State Photosensitizers in Environmental Photochemistry.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqgvw0fsc9t7t",
  "venue": "Environmental science & technology",
  "versions": []
}