{
  "abstract": "Despite high administrative immunization coverage across Sub-Saharan Africa, unexpected infectious disease outbreaks pose significant public health challenges. Traditional tracking relies heavily on logistical inputs and reactive surveillance, leaving an unmonitored biological gap in real-world host immunity. This paper presents a novel systems-design conceptual framework for Population-Level Immunologic Monitoring (PLIM) as a core operational tool of Public Health Pharmacology (PHP) to systematically bridge this gap. PLIM operates across three interconnected pillars: (1) biological sentinel surveillance using field-stabilized samples, (2) risk stratification mapping the climatic-biological nexus, and (3) near-real-time policy feedback via digital health infrastructure. To demonstrate operational plausibility, we describe a prospective “Pathfinder Pilot” validation roadmap in Rwanda. This theoretical proof-of-concept model details a logistics blueprint utilizing Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sampling paired with quantitative ELISAs and T-cell Activation Assays (TASA) integrated into existing DHIS2 software to monitor population cohorts against the Population Immunologic Threshold (PIT)—a composite metric linking individual correlates of protection to herd immunity thresholds. Crucially, PLIM complements existing administrative tracking, pharmacovigilance, and epidemiological outbreak investigations. By isolating biological host factors, the framework provides an intermediate biological audit layer. This empowers public health managers to detect waning immunity and map “biological cold spots” before outbreaks occur, advancing immunologic equity across resource-limited settings.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda , ,",
    "Foresight Institute of Research and Translation, Gikondo , ,",
    "Equator University of Science and Technology , ,",
    "Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda , ,",
    "Department of Primary Care-Palliative Care and Community Health, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda , ,",
    "Division of Epidemiology and Immunization, Rwanda Ministry of Health , ,",
    "Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirkuk , ,",
    "Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Adebowale Adedeji"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aminah Adeola Adedeji"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Einas Mohammed ElHabibi Adam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Taofeek Tope Adegboyega"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Issa Muritala Bale"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Rasheed Omotayo Adeyemo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Hassan Sibomana"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Kasim Sakran Abass"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Drissa Makan Toure"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqsqhhkg3kt97.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965936",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672527/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "dqsqhhkg3kt97",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2565"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13672527",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|Immune responses and vaccinations"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215773745",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672527/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13672527",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqsqhhkg3kt97.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13672527",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13672527"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965936",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965936/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|Immune responses and vaccinations",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Public Health Pharmacology: a framework for population-level immunologic monitoring (PLIM) to optimize vaccine performance in Africa",
  "title_text": "Public Health Pharmacology: a framework for population-level immunologic monitoring (PLIM) to optimize vaccine performance in Africa",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqsqhhkg3kt97",
  "venue": "Frontiers in public health",
  "versions": []
}