{
  "abstract": "Objective: The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) has limited sensitivity for early structural changes in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), prompting interest in novel circulating biomarkers. This cross-sectional study evaluated the combined diagnostic association of serum Netrin-1 and Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) across albuminuria stages in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).\n\nMethods: Sixty T2DM patients (stratified by albuminuria: normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria, n=20 each) and 60 age- and BMI-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Serum Netrin-1 and GDF-15 were quantified by sandwich ELISA. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the race-free CKD-EPI 2021 equation. ROC analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed.\n\nResults: Netrin-1 and GDF-15 were significantly elevated in T2DM versus controls (p=0.004 and p=0.001, respectively). Netrin-1 peaked in microalbuminuria (495.2±102.7 pg/mL) while GDF-15 was highest in macroalbuminuria (406.6±106.8 ng/L; ANOVA p=0.020 and p=0.041). Single-marker AUCs: Netrin-1 0.725 (95%CI:0.635-0.816), GDF-15 0.708 (95%CI:0.615-0.800); combined model AUC 0.743 (95%CI:0.655-0.831; p=0.032 vs GDF-15 alone). In adjusted analysis, only eGFR (aOR=0.945 per mL/min/1.73m², p<0.001) and BMI (aOR=1.195 per kg/m², p=0.023) independently predicted T2DM status; biomarker associations attenuated to non-significance.\n\nConclusion: Serum Netrin-1 and GDF-15 show stage-specific patterns across albuminuria in T2DM but provide only modest incremental diagnostic value over conventional renal indices. These findings are hypothesis-generating; longitudinal studies with hard renal endpoints are required to establish clinical utility.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hussein Tami"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hiba Behayaa"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqyvjhm9b22y2.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.38029/babcockuniv.med.j..v9is1.1679",
  "fulltext_url": "https://bumj.babcock.edu.ng/index.php/bumj/article/view/1679",
  "id": "dqyvjhm9b22y2",
  "issns": [
    "2465-6666",
    "2756-4657"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.38029/babcockuniv.med.j..v9is1.1679",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "R"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2727|Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224998562",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Babcock Medical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqyvjhm9b22y2.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T14:21:03Z",
      "native_id": "2dcf6c68cac44850b54f31f56e44774e",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.38029/babcockuniv.med.j..v9is1.1679"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2727|Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Combined assessment of serum netrin-1 and GDF-15 across albuminuria stages in type 2 diabetes",
  "title_text": "Combined assessment of serum netrin-1 and GDF-15 across albuminuria stages in type 2 diabetes",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T14:20:29Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dqyvjhm9b22y2",
  "venue": "Babcock University Medical Journal",
  "versions": []
}