{
  "abstract": "Wild equids may act as reservoirs for infectious pathogens affecting domestic equine populations, yet data on exposure to equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), equine influenza virus (EIV), and equine piroplasmosis agents in African wildlife remain scarce. Our objectives were to retrospectively determine serological evidence of exposure to EIAV, EIV, Theileria equi, and Babesia caballi among Grevy's zebras and rhinoceroses from Kenya and Tanzania. A total of 284 archived serum samples from 215 Grevy's zebras and 69 rhinoceroses were analyzed using commercial ELISAs. Positive EIAV screening tests were retested using a second confirmatory assay. No confirmed EIAV antibodies were detected in zebras or rhinoceroses. Antibodies against EIV were identified in 20/215 zebras (9.3%), all originating from Serengeti National Park. Theileria equi antibodies were detected in 194/206 zebras (94.2%), while Babesia caballi antibodies were detected in 8/206 zebras (3.9%). Rhinoceroses were negative for all pathogens tested. This study provides evidence of widespread exposure of Grevy's zebras to T. equi and limited exposure to EIV in East Africa while failing to identify serologic evidence of EIAV infection in zebras or rhinoceroses. These findings improve understanding of infectious disease ecology at the wildlife-livestock interface and support continued wildlife surveillance programs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, St. Kitts, Basseterre KN0101, Saint Kitts and Nevis.",
    "Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.",
    "Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053, Kenya.",
    "Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha P.O. Box 661, Tanzania."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Silvia Marchi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Charles Issel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Paul Kanyari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Julius Keyyu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pompei Bolfa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2903-1535"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dr3dd7tzy1ax9.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/vetsci13101034",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709856",
  "id": "dr3dd7tzy1ax9",
  "issns": [
    "2306-7381"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944131",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2405|Vector-borne infectious diseases"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214900605",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709856?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709856",
  "pmid": "42944131",
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dr3dd7tzy1ax9.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42944131",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944131"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2405|Vector-borne infectious diseases",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Retrospective Serological Survey of Equine Influenza Virus and Piroplasm Parasites in Free-Ranging Wild Equids from Kenya and Tanzania.",
  "title_text": "Retrospective Serological Survey of Equine Influenza Virus and Piroplasm Parasites in Free-Ranging Wild Equids from Kenya and Tanzania.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dr3dd7tzy1ax9",
  "venue": "Veterinary sciences",
  "versions": []
}