{
  "abstract": "A dual-plasmonic Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensor incorporating silver (Ag) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) layers is proposed for high-precision detection of ethylene glycol (EG) concentration. The PCF structure, designed using the Finite Element Method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics, employs two plasmonic materials that generate multiple confinement-loss peaks, enabling enhanced detection over a broad spectral range. The novelty of the proposed configuration lies in exploiting the distinct plasmonic dispersion characteristics of Ag and AZO within a single PCF platform to support multiple spectrally separated resonance modes, including AZO-dominated, Ag-dominated, and hybrid Ag–AZO resonances. EG concentration is quantified through its corresponding refractive index variation, allowing accurate monitoring across 0–80% EG by weight. The sensor achieves an ultra-high wavelength sensitivity of 117,300 nm/RIU, an amplitude sensitivity of 2339 RIU ⁻¹ , a detection resolution of 8.53 × 10 ⁻⁷ RIU, along with excellent linearity of 0.99808. A high figure of merit of 690 RIU ⁻¹ further confirms the superior detection sharpness enabled by the Ag–AZO dual-layer design. Owing to its compact geometry, multi-resonant response, and high sensitivity, the proposed SPR-PCF sensor shows promising performance for precise EG concentration monitoring in industrial and pharmaceutical applications where accurate concentration control is required.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Nasir M. Munim",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9301-7052"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammad Ataul Karim",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-9984-7161"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tahmina Tabassum Treena",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7225-0987"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dsc511cv8r27v.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-74120-3",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "dsc511cv8r27v",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74120-3",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214917519",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74120-3_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dsc511cv8r27v.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:19Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-74120-3",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74120-3"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Multi-resonant Ag–AZO based PCF-SPR sensor for highly sensitive ethylene glycol detection in industrial applications",
  "title_text": "Multi-resonant Ag–AZO based PCF-SPR sensor for highly sensitive ethylene glycol detection in industrial applications",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dsc511cv8r27v",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}