{
  "abstract": "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) have both been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet it remains unclear whether disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) shape antiviral humoral responses. We analyzed antiviral IgG titers in MS patients stratified by current DMT (N = 498 for HHV-6A/B, 410 for EBNA-1, 361 for cytomegalovirus (CMV)). Multivariable regression models were built separately for each virus, adjusting for age, sex, HLA-DRB1*15:01 carriage, EDSS, treatment duration, and prior treatment efficacy, using interferon-beta (IFN-beta) as the reference category. The HHV-6A/B model showed a significant global fit (p = 1.16 × 10^-6), with fingolimod independently associated with reduced titers relative to IFN-beta (p = 0.006), alongside negative effects of age (p = 0.001) and higher titers among HLA-DRB1*15:01 carriers (p = 0.028). Neither the EBNA-1 nor the CMV model reached global significance, although age remained a strong predictor of CMV IgG (p = 0.002). These findings indicate that DMTs do not exert a uniform effect on herpesvirus serology in MS: fingolimod is specifically associated with attenuated HHV-6A/B seroreactivity, whereas EBNA-1 and CMV titers appear to be governed mainly by host factors. Interpreting antiviral serology in MS from a treatment-stratified perspective may therefore be necessary to identify biologically significant signals specific to each drug.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Stefano Ruberto",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5478-999X"
    },
    {
      "name": "María I. Domínguez-Mozo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Luisa María Villar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lucienne Costa-Frossard"
    },
    {
      "name": "Noelia Villarrubia"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yolanda Aladro"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ignacio Casanova-Peño"
    },
    {
      "name": "María Luisa Martínez-Ginés"
    },
    {
      "name": "José Manuel García-Domínguez"
    },
    {
      "name": "Isabel Ortega-Madueño"
    },
    {
      "name": "Guadalupe Pérez de Villar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andrea Alonso-Garrido"
    },
    {
      "name": "Iván Pérez-Gutiérrez"
    },
    {
      "name": "María A. García-Martínez"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rafael Arroyo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Roberto Álvarez-Lafuente"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dvjqzhsmqdrpe.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-73983-w",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "dvjqzhsmqdrpe",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73983-w",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2734|Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220406176",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73983-w_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-05",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dvjqzhsmqdrpe.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-73983-w",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73983-w"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2734|Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Virus-specific effects of disease-modifying therapies on herpesvirus antibody titers in multiple sclerosis",
  "title_text": "Virus-specific effects of disease-modifying therapies on herpesvirus antibody titers in multiple sclerosis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dvjqzhsmqdrpe",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}