{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nThis study aimed to develop probiotics capable of efficiently utilizing soluble protein (SP) and to evaluate their effects on rumen fermentation and microbiota under different substrate protein structures.Methods\n\nCottonseed meal, corn flour, and wheat bran were fermented with seven single strains and combinations of probiotics. The selected compound probiotic, Candida tropicalis and Enterococcus faecalis, was then used to prepare substrates with three SP:insoluble protein (ISP) ratios (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3) for in vitro rumen fermentation. Fermentation parameters and the rumen microbial community were assessed.Results\n\nC. tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and E. faecalis outperformed the other single strains in increasing substrate SP. The combination of C. tropicalis and E. faecalis significantly increased the substrate SP proportion. At an SP:ISP ratio of 1:2.5, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and valerate were significantly increased. Crude protein degradation was significantly higher in the 1:2 and 1:2.5 groups than in the 1:3 group. The relative abundances of Streptococcus and Ruminobacter were significantly higher in the 1:2.5 group.Discussion\n\nThese in vitro findings provide preliminary evidence that optimizing the SP:ISP ratio in combination with compound probiotic supplementation may improve ruminal nitrogen utilization efficiency. Further in vivo validation is warranted.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University , ,",
    "Xinjiang Agricultural Research Institute , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoqing Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoxue Ma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ning Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yayin Qi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shu Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yanyan Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wenju Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dvt0xzmxsewby.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fvets.2026.1899102",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13726523/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "dvt0xzmxsewby",
  "issns": [
    "2297-1769"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13726523",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1102|Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222962599",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13726523/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13726523",
  "pmid": "42974157",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dvt0xzmxsewby.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13726523",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13726523"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42974157",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42974157"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:22:50Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13726523",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2026.1899102"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1102|Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "In vitro investigation of probiotic-mediated enhancement of soluble protein utilization and rumen fermentation efficiency",
  "title_text": "In vitro investigation of probiotic-mediated enhancement of soluble protein utilization and rumen fermentation efficiency",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:22:27Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dvt0xzmxsewby",
  "venue": "Frontiers in veterinary science",
  "versions": []
}