{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) have a poor prognosis despite maximal safe resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, partly because of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Unfortunately, all phase III trials of anti-PD-1 therapy to date have failed to yield positive results in HGGs. Recent early-phase trials have identified promising strategies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we share our 8-year experience with anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with HGG in a real-world setting. Methods: All patients with HGG who received PD-1 inhibitor-based therapy at our center between 2018 and 2026 were included. Medical records were reviewed longitudinally for each patient, and the latest follow-up data were collected. Patients lost to follow-up were excluded. Results: Four regimens involving anti-PD-1 treatment were identified in 22 patients with HGG (newly diagnosed = 11, recurrent = 11): (1) VEGFR-targeted therapy plus PD-1 inhibition (9 recurrent HGGs), (2) the \"2-THE-TOP\" regimen (tumor-treating fields plus temozolomide and PD-1 inhibitor therapy) (5 newly diagnosed HGGs), (3) anti-PD-1 monotherapy (2 recurrent and 2 newly diagnosed HGGs), and (4) neoadjuvant plus adjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy (4 newly diagnosed HGGs). Median overall survival for these four regimens was 32.7, 20.3, 28.6, and 31.8 months, respectively. No grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were recorded. Conclusions: Our preliminary observations suggest that PD-1 blockade may remain a viable option for patients with HGG when combined with specific therapies, administered with careful timing, and applied in selected patients.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yin Ren"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaopeng Guo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4183-5560"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hao Xing"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoman Kang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tingyu Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yixin Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bohan Yao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wenbin Ma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yu Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7175-4649"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dwqgbwnffnkkx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cancers18193122",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664033",
  "id": "dwqgbwnffnkkx",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6694"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882817",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2716|Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214590236",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664033?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13664033",
  "pmid": "42882817",
  "published": "2026-09-26",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dwqgbwnffnkkx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42882817",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882817"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2716|Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment",
      "subfield": "human-genetics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Real-World Application of PD-1 Inhibitors in High-Grade Glioma: A Case Series.",
  "title_text": "Real-World Application of PD-1 Inhibitors in High-Grade Glioma: A Case Series.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dwqgbwnffnkkx",
  "venue": "Cancers",
  "versions": []
}