{
  "abstract": "As AI-generated faces become indistinguishable from real ones, deepfake technology poses escalating threats to information integrity and security. While algorithms can detect deepfakes, they suffer from opacity and critical vulnerabilities—and training humans to identify specific visual artifacts has proven largely ineffective. Here, we introduce a fundamentally different approach that harnesses people’s global impressions of faces. Building on findings that AI and human faces evoke systematically different perceptual impressions (Miller et al., 2023), we trained participants to attend to these distinguishing qualities without explicit instruction on how to use them. Using a rigorous pre–post design with untrained test faces, we demonstrate that all participants ( N = 45) improved, with mean accuracy nearly doubling. High performers achieved near-perfect detection, and participants developed metacognitive insight, showing appropriate confidence calibration only after training. A test–retest control study ruled out practice effects as an explanation for training gains, and an online replication demonstrates the scalability of our approach. As the technology advances, targeting systematic biases that are inherent to generative AI, and which manifest in global features, may offer a more durable defense than approaches reliant on image artifacts alone.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Medicine and Psychology, The Australian National University",
    "Department of Psychology, University of Victoria",
    "School of Psychology, University of New South Wales Sydney",
    "School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia",
    "School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King’s College,"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Amy Dawel",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6668-3121"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tanya George"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Eric Y. Mah",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5730-6498"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "James D. Dunn",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6964-909X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Clare A. M. Sutherland",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0443-3412"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nick Argument",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-3845-222X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "James W. Tanaka",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6559-0388"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dx08db2026gbe.bib",
  "cited_by": 5,
  "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2602122123",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "dx08db2026gbe",
  "issns": [
    "0027-8424",
    "1091-6490"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2602122123",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|Face Recognition and Perception"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7166513245",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13342996",
  "pmid": "42372163",
  "published": "2026-06-29",
  "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dx08db2026gbe.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T13:21:14Z",
      "native_id": "W7166513245",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2602122123"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2805|Face Recognition and Perception",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Training humans to detect AI-generated faces",
  "title_text": "Training humans to detect AI-generated faces",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-12T13:20:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dx08db2026gbe",
  "venue": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
  "versions": []
}