{
  "abstract": "Passenger vehicles contribute approximately 8% to global energy-related emissions and drive other environmental impacts through the extraction of raw materials. In this study, a hybrid LCA approach is used to investigate emissions and material life-cycle impacts arising from vehicle production and consumption in Japan. By embedding a physical vehicle production model within a global MRIO, we find that 53% of emissions occur in Japan, while almost all material extraction impacts occur internationally. Vehicle size, PHEV utility factor, and battery capacity all strongly influence life-cycle impacts. Demand-side scenarios of increased occupancy, downsizing, and lifetime extension have the collective potential to reduce emissions by approximately 33% at the cohort level, while providing comparable mobility services. Lifetime extension requires additional material inputs with associated impacts; however, these impacts are repaid over time, resulting in an overall average emissions intensity (gCO2e/km) reduction of 7%. Vehicle electrification alone is unlikely to be sufficient to meet climate targets; therefore, demand-side measures should be implemented concurrently to decarbonize passenger transport while maintaining access to mobility services. While some opportunity exists to substitute upstream suppliers for lower-impact providers, the existence of low-pollution production havens is limited, further underscoring the importance of demand-side measures.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-8506, Japan.",
    "Toyota Central R&D Laboratories. Inc., Nagakute, Aichi480-1192, Japan.",
    "Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Wajiro-Higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka811-0295, Japan."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jacob Fry",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2349-6745"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ziyan He",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-3441-0051"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hiroyuki Ishikawa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Takamichi Iwata"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Minami Kito"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kenichi Nakajima",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7241-7695"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Keisuke Nansai",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2449-1874"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dx3cxf4kpkav8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.6c06919",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13614184",
  "id": "dx3cxf4kpkav8",
  "issns": [
    "0013-936X",
    "1520-5851"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42916277",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2305|Environmental Impact and Sustainability"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212423546",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13614184?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13614184",
  "pmid": "42916277",
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dx3cxf4kpkav8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42916277",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42916277"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2305|Environmental Impact and Sustainability",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Decomposing Vehicle Production and Consumption Impacts in Japan under Mobility and Production Network Interventions.",
  "title_text": "Decomposing Vehicle Production and Consumption Impacts in Japan under Mobility and Production Network Interventions.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dx3cxf4kpkav8",
  "venue": "Environmental science & technology",
  "versions": []
}