{
  "abstract": "Introduction Axial elongation varies among adolescents receiving myopia-control treatment, but the contribution of systemic metabolic and skeletal muscle-related characteristics remains uncertain. We examined these associations, treating recorded glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) status as a clinical marker rather than an independent drug exposure. Methods This retrospective study included 3270 adolescents aged 7–18 years receiving single-vision spectacles, defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) lenses, or orthokeratology. The primary outcome was annual axial elongation; composite treatment failure was exploratory. Multivariable regression, spline models, treatment-stratified analyses, and stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were performed. Primary adjusted analyses included 2267 complete cases. The revised exploratory muscle-vulnerability score excluded GLP-1RA status and duration. Results Among 3270 participants, 484 had recorded GLP-1RA use and showed greater obesity and insulin-resistance burden and less favorable muscle and activity profiles. In the comprehensive model, BMI z-score (β = 0.020 mm/year per unit; 95% CI 0.014–0.026) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.007 mm/year per unit; 95% CI 0.004–0.009) were associated with greater annual axial elongation. Skeletal muscle index was not independently associated, whereas handgrip strength showed a nonlinear association (P for nonlinearity = 0.002). Recorded GLP-1RA status was associated with 0.040 mm/year greater elongation (95% CI 0.031–0.049), without heterogeneity across myopia-control strategies (P for interaction = 0.646). After IPTW and comprehensive adjustment, the estimate attenuated to 0.032 mm/year (95% CI 0.021–0.043), with residual imbalance in four of 17 covariates. Associations with exploratory composite treatment failure were statistically uncertain in the comprehensive model (OR 1.23; 95% CI 0.93–1.63) and after IPTW (OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.80–1.70). Conclusions Metabolic vulnerability was associated with modestly greater annual axial elongation, although the clinical importance of the observed difference remains uncertain. Recorded GLP-1RA status identified a metabolically higher-risk subgroup but did not establish a drug effect. Muscle-related findings were not uniform, and residual confounding remained.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Cangzhou Central Hospital",
    "Hejian Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital",
    "Cangzhou Eye Hospital"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xue Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wenying Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fengmei Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ting Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Weiwei Kang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xiaorui Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jian Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Lidong Yang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxejv1v5ys8y4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s40123-026-01505-y",
  "fulltext_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-026-01505-y",
  "id": "dxejv1v5ys8y4",
  "issns": [
    "2193-8245",
    "2193-6528"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-026-01505-y",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "RE1-994"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213999641",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40123-026-01505-y.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "Adis, Springer Healthcare",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxejv1v5ys8y4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:45:48Z",
      "native_id": "c5d116dea30343778bfab04ce6307ff3",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-026-01505-y"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Systemic Metabolic and Skeletal Muscle-Related Profiles Associated with Annual Axial Elongation Across Optical Myopia-Control Strategies in Adolescents: A Retrospective Cohort Study",
  "title_text": "Systemic Metabolic and Skeletal Muscle-Related Profiles Associated with Annual Axial Elongation Across Optical Myopia-Control Strategies in Adolescents: A Retrospective Cohort Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:45:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxejv1v5ys8y4",
  "venue": "Ophthalmology and Therapy",
  "versions": []
}