{
  "abstract": "Eosinophils are pleiotropic cells and can respond to a wide array of inflammatory stimuli, including respiratory viral infection. Although they are historically associated with adverse outcomes in vaccinated hosts after breakthrough infection, such as during vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), eosinophils can also help mediate antiviral immunity. We previously observed mild, nonpathological lung eosinophilia in vaccinated mice experiencing influenza breakthrough infection, distinct from VAERD. Here, we investigated the factors driving this eosinophil recruitment and their contribution to host outcomes during influenza breakthrough infection. Vaccine-elicited Abs partially mediate eosinophil recruitment to the lungs during infection but do not confer full protection against viral replication or disease. Live viral replication was needed for robust eosinophil recruitment. Furthermore, both CD4 and CD8 T cells were required for optimal eosinophil accumulation in the lungs. Intramuscular vaccination resulted in the induction of a balanced type 1/2 response in the spleen and mainly a type 2 response in the lung upon infection, whereas a type 1 immune response dominated in the lungs of unvaccinated mice upon infection. Eosinophil depletion studies revealed strain-dependent effects: in BALB/c mice, eosinophil depletion did not significantly affect morbidity, viral load, lung inflammation, or lung lesion severity. However, in C57BL/6 mice, eosinophil depletion improved viral control and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Our findings highlight the complex interplay among vaccine-induced immunity, eosinophil recruitment, and host genetic background in shaping outcomes during influenza breakthrough infection, with implications for vaccine strategies and immunopathology mitigation in diverse populations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.",
    "Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.",
    "Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.",
    "Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.",
    "Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.",
    "Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.",
    "Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.",
    "Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.",
    "Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.",
    "Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.",
    "Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.",
    "Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.",
    "Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.",
    "Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Lauren A Chang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Eleanor Burgess"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Moataz Noureddine"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Anthony J Wells"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Johanna Vandekerckhove"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Juan García-Bernalt Diego"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Brett T Webb"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Leonie J Grüneberg"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Seok-Chan Park"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Gabriel Laghlali",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-7928-984X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Vivian Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Farah El-Ayache"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Bart N Lambrecht"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Pamela T Wong",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4387-4723"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Amali E Samarasinghe",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3104-2823"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        12,
        13,
        14
      ],
      "name": "Michael Schotsaert",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3156-3132"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxwkjdm9rcfqz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/jimmun/vkag279",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13718889/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "dxwkjdm9rcfqz",
  "issns": [
    "0022-1767",
    "1550-6606"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13718889",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
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      "AcademicSubjects/MED00010"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00690"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00730"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Infectious Disease and Host Response"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Influenza Virus Research Studies"
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  "openalex": "W7224632697",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13718889/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13718889",
  "pmid": "42956100",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxwkjdm9rcfqz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:39Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13718889",
      "source": "europepmc",
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      "native_id": "MED:42956100",
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:22:49Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13718889",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jimmun/vkag279"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Influenza Virus Research Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Vaccine immunity can drive eosinophil recruitment in influenza breakthrough infection with mouse strain–specific outcomes",
  "title_text": "Vaccine immunity can drive eosinophil recruitment in influenza breakthrough infection with mouse strain–specific outcomes",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxwkjdm9rcfqz",
  "venue": "Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)",
  "versions": []
}