{
  "abstract": "Sleep is both a state of disconnection from the environment and a critical period for restoration. But how does sleep balance responsiveness with the protection of key functions? The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power (ISFS)-the clustering of sleep spindles over 10-100 s-is thought to regulate this trade-off in rodents by alternating between fragile periods of high arousability and protected periods of spindle-rich stability. However, the organization of arousal and memory reactivation markers within the human ISFS and its conservation in younger ages remain unclear. This study characterizes the ISFS from childhood to young adulthood (N = 154; ages 8-26), examining its relationship with electrophysiological markers of arousal (i.e., microarousals) and memory reactivation (i.e., slow wave-sleep spindle coupling). Results indicate that the ISFS is present across all ages, with frequency, variability, and strength increasing from early to late adolescence. Notably, electrophysiological markers of arousal and memory reactivation are organized within the spindle-rich ISFS peak. The consistent presence and organization of the ISFS suggest it may be intrinsic to sleep, with adolescence marking a dynamic window. These insights may guide interventions to promote healthier sleep across development.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, Netherlands",
    "Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland",
    "Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Eudox Statistische Beratung, Basel, 4031, Switzerland",
    "School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK",
    "Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK",
    "Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland",
    "Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands",
    "Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. reto.huber@kispi.uzh.ch",
    "Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. reto.huber@kispi.uzh.ch",
    "Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. reto.huber@kispi.uzh.ch",
    "Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. reto.huber@kispi.uzh.ch"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Maria E. Dimitriades",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6550-8591"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Alejandro Osorio-Forero",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4341-4206"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sara Fattinger",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4866-8598"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Simone von Arx"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Salomé Kurth",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1432-4367"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Fiona Pugin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Valeria Jaramillo",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1446-8328"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Carina Volk",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6104-626X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Elena Krugliakova",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7915-4560"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Melanie Furrer",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1564-8363"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sven Leach",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7425-4589"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Peter Achermann",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0208-3511"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Miriam Gerstenberg",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0162-8046"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13,
        14,
        15,
        16
      ],
      "name": "Reto Huber",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1400-9466"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxxamhqmh927n.bib",
  "cited_by": 7,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-58423-z",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "dxxamhqmh927n",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-58423-z",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "2805|Sleep and Wakefulness Research"
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  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-58423-z_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13542187",
  "pmid": "42310467",
  "published": "2026-06-17",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxxamhqmh927n.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-13T13:21:09Z",
      "native_id": "W7165019728",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-58423-z"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2805|Sleep and Wakefulness Research",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
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  ],
  "title": "The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power during sleep and its links to markers of arousal and memory reactivation across development",
  "title_text": "The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power during sleep and its links to markers of arousal and memory reactivation across development",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-13T13:21:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dxxamhqmh927n",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}