{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), membranous nephropathy (MN), and lupus nephritis (LN) are immune-mediated glomerular diseases in which dysregulated adaptive immunity converges with innate inflammatory and filtration-barrier injury. Clinical relapse and incomplete recovery despite upstream immune control motivate investigation of additional injury modifiers.Main body\n\nThis review evaluates five microbiota-associated metabolite families-short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan-derived metabolites, aromatic amino acid-derived uremic solutes, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and bile acids-across three modules: immune-tolerance failure, innate inflammatory amplification, and filtration-barrier disruption. In IgAN, multi-omics data showing preserved or elevated systemic acetate with reduced glomerular free fatty acid receptor 2/3 (FFAR2/FFAR3)-associated signaling suggest impaired renal SCFA sensing, but do not establish receptor competence as the dominant target. In MN, disease-specific studies support podocyte injury mediated by complement C3a and its receptor (C3a/C3aR) and complement-associated NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)-caspase-1-gasdermin D (GSDMD) pyroptosis as related injury processes, whereas proposed SCFA-regulatory T cell (Treg)-B-cell and SCFA-inflammasome interactions remain largely hypothesis-generating; experimental Lactobacillus-indole-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) data provide preliminary evidence. In LN, microbiota-dependent tryptophan pathway perturbation and treatment-associated metabolomic changes support the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio as a readily measurable candidate biomarker requiring prospective validation. Across diseases, interpretation requires separating microbial production from renal retention, metabolite abundance from receptor signaling competence, and total from unbound exposure for protein-bound solutes.Conclusion\n\nMicrobiota-associated metabolites constitute a plausible immunometabolic layer rather than established causal pathways in immune-mediated glomerular disease. Priorities include disease-specific longitudinal phenotyping, compartment-resolved metabolite measurement, target-engagement studies, and biomarker-embedded clinical trials before therapeutic claims are advanced.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People's Republic of China.",
    "Nephrology and Rheumatology Immunology Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, People's Republic of China.",
    "Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, People's Republic of China."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fanyu Hou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Liuxiao Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wu Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wen Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yanyu Cui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hongliang Rui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Baoli Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dyvjn16cq6haz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/jir.s641770",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693518",
  "id": "dyvjn16cq6haz",
  "issns": [
    "1178-7031"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921202",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2727|Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222913731",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693518?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693518",
  "pmid": "42921202",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dyvjn16cq6haz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42921202",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921202"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2727|Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Microbiota-Associated Metabolites as Immunometabolic Regulators of Glomerular Inflammation: Disease-Specific Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.",
  "title_text": "Microbiota-Associated Metabolites as Immunometabolic Regulators of Glomerular Inflammation: Disease-Specific Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dyvjn16cq6haz",
  "venue": "Journal of inflammation research",
  "versions": []
}