{
  "abstract": "Objective: To evaluate glioma susceptibility patterns and their clinical/pathological correlations using a sub-voxel quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) technique that quantifies the paramagnetic (χpara) and diamagnetic (χdia) components (APART-QSM).\n\nMaterials and methods: We enrolled 120 pathologically confirmed glioma patients (n = 120; aged 47 ± 13 years, mean ± standard deviation; 51 women) retrospectively and 6 for histologic validation prospectively. χpara/χdia maps were generated. Subregions included peritumoral edema (PE), subdivided into four equidistant subregions, tumor parenchyma (TP), and necrosis, cystic degeneration (CD). Associations between multi-subregional susceptibility and clinicopathological parameters and a conditional inference tree (CIT) model for genotyping were analyzed.\n\nResults: Compared to contralateral normal-appearing tissue (CNAT), TP in high-grade and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type gliomas exhibited increased χpara (p ≤ 0.044), low-grade and IDH-mutant gliomas lower χbulk, χpara and χdia (p ≤ 0.015). PE demonstrated lower susceptibility than CNAT (p < 0.001), with χpara/χdia initially decreasing then increasing with peritumoral distance (p ≤ 0.008). Necrosis showed elevated χpara/χdia (p ≤ 0.025), and CD in oligodendrogliomas displayed higher χdia than CNAT (p = 0.019). The CIT model (TP χdia and PE χpara) achieved 0.702 accuracy. Univariable analysis showed that higher TP χpara/χdia correlated with shorter survival (p < 0.001). In the prospective subgroup, TP χpara correlated with iron content (r = 0.901, p = 0.014), TP χdia/χpara correlated with Ki-67 (r = 0.841, p = 0.036).\n\nConclusion: APART-QSM revealed distinct, clinically relevant susceptibility profiles across glioma subregions with potential associations with genotyping and prognosis, providing biomarkers for iron content and tumor proliferation. Distance-associated susceptibility pattern in PE may reflect peritumoral microenvironmental properties.\n\nKey Points: Question Gliomas exhibit complex histopathology with heterogeneous magnetic susceptibility. Effective preoperative evaluation of multi-subregional susceptibility patterns in gliomas facilitates refined tissue characterization and guides clinical treatment.\n\nFindings Glioma subregions showed clinically relevant susceptibility profiles, correlating with iron content, tumor proliferation, and revealing a distance-associated peritumoral edema pattern.\n\nRelevance statement Our study used the APART-QSM technique to characterize multi-subregional susceptibility patterns and pathological changes in different glioma types, revealing its potential association with glioma genotyping and prognosis.\n\nGraphical Abstract:",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong China",
    "MR Research Collaboration Team, Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Shanghai, China",
    "Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong China",
    "School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shanmei Zeng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nengjin Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Junqiao Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liwei Mazu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yingqian Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zuqi Xia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Siyuan He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiajing Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Haodong Qin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhiyun Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xuesong Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Hongjiang Wei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jianping Chu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5483-2169"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dzhd7hmt7a4xx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s41747-026-00847-3",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13710488/",
  "id": "dzhd7hmt7a4xx",
  "issns": [
    "2509-9280"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41747-026-00847-3",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223697790",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s41747-026-00847-3.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13710488",
  "pmid": "42932124",
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "Springer",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dzhd7hmt7a4xx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:27Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13710488",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41747-026-00847-3"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2741|Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications",
      "subfield": "imaging"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multi-subregional susceptibility patterns in gliomas using sub-voxel quantitative susceptibility mapping",
  "title_text": "Multi-subregional susceptibility patterns in gliomas using sub-voxel quantitative susceptibility mapping",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:21:27Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/dzhd7hmt7a4xx",
  "venue": "European Radiology Experimental",
  "versions": []
}