{
  "abstract": "Closed-loop brain stimulation offers a promising approach for modulating neural oscillations, but the mechanisms of phase-dependent neuromodulation remain poorly understood. We developed a real-time MEG-based closed-loop system delivering median nerve stimulation using a phase-modulated Poisson process. Sixteen healthy participants (11 female, 5 male) underwent open-loop characterization followed by closed-loop testing of eight phase-offset conditions (0 degrees-315 degrees), each paired with a statistically matched replay control. Closed-loop stimulation induced robust phase-dependent modulation (14.21 +/- 8.24%) versus replay (7.03 +/- 2.95%; p = 0.0003), with consistent phase specificity across participants (circular mean: 70.2 degrees, referenced to each individual's dominant frequency). At the group level, alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) showed bidirectional modulation (mean boost: +21.0 +/- 19.9% at 0 degrees-135 degrees; mean suppression: -13.3 +/- 10.8% at 180 degrees-315 degrees), while beta oscillations (13-30 Hz) showed predominantly unidirectional suppression (-9.3 +/- 9.6%). Successful fixed-frequency targeting required alignment with each individual's natural peak. Misalignment led to different phase shifts producing power at different frequencies, a phenomenon we term phase-frequency coupling. Dynamic frequency tracking (8-30 Hz) automatically identified and targeted each individual's natural peak, achieving robust bidirectional modulation without prior knowledge of peak location. These findings demonstrate that real-time phase-locked peripheral nerve stimulation selectively modulates sensorimotor oscillations beyond statistically matched open-loop stimulation. The distinct phase-excitability relationships of alpha and beta oscillations, together with the importance of aligning stimulation with individual natural peaks, establish principled guidelines for personalized closed-loop neuromodulation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Aston University"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "S. N. Baker"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "B. Zaaimi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e34ek1m8e5g3k.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.10.01.755613",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.01.755613v1.full",
  "id": "e34ek1m8e5g3k",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.01.755613v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|Neural dynamics and brain function"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220981715",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.01.755613v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e34ek1m8e5g3k.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:26:35Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.10.01.755613",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.01.755613v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Phase-targeted Poisson closed-loop peripheral nerve stimulation modulates sensorimotor oscillations in human MEG",
  "title_text": "Phase-targeted Poisson closed-loop peripheral nerve stimulation modulates sensorimotor oscillations in human MEG",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:26:35Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e34ek1m8e5g3k",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}