{
  "abstract": "We present a unified description of the inflation era, radiation era, and cosmic age in\n\nNon-Equilibrium Dynamics (NED) using the exact repulsive force\n\nF0 =\n\n7\n\n2\n\nMpc\n\n2\n\nℓp\n\n,\n\nwhich is derived from the balance functional H with v1 = v2 = 0, y = z = ℓp/2, r = R,\n\nM1 = M2 = Mp, and D = 1. The equation of motion is\n\n(R(R − ℓp)R˙)\n\n′ = F0.\n\nFor R ≫ ℓp, this reduces to\n\nR(t) ≈\n\n(\n\n21Mpc\n\n2\n\n4ℓp\n\n)1/3\n\nt\n\n2/3 = 8.60 × 1014 t\n\n2/3 m.\n\nUsing this single power law, we obtain:\n\n• At the end of inflation (t ∼ 10−32 s): R ≈ 4.0 × 10−7 m, giving R/(2ℓp) ≈ 1.2 × 1028\n\n,\n\nwhich is about 123 times the standard inflation factor e\n\n60 ≈ 1026\n\n.\n\n• At the end of the radiation era (t ∼ 5 × 104 years): R ≈ 1.2 × 1023 m, comparable to\n\nthe standard value.\n\n• The cosmic age is\n\ntnow =\n\n√\n\n4ℓpMnowRnow\n\n21Mpc\n\n2\n\n,\n\nwhich gives the relation\n\nMnowRnow ≈ 1.21 × 1080 kg · m\n\nfor tnow = 1.38 × 1010 years.\n\nWe present a table of Mnow and Rnow values that reproduce the observed cosmic age. The\n\nresults show that NED can reproduce the inflation era, radiation era, and cosmic age with\n\na single power law R ∝ t\n\n2/3\n\n, without invoking R ∝ t\n\n1/2 or exponential expansion.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "takashi ueda"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e3znqeace6z50.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23565911",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "e3znqeace6z50",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23565911",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/23565911/files/%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F.pdf/content",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e3znqeace6z50.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "23565911",
      "source": "zenodo",
      "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23565911"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Unified Description of Inflation, Radiation Era, and Cosmic Age in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: F0 = 7Mpc 2/(2ℓp), R ∝ t 2/3 , and the Mnow–Rnow Relation",
  "title_text": "Unified Description of Inflation, Radiation Era, and Cosmic Age in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: F0 = 7Mpc 2/(2ℓp), R ∝ t 2/3 , and the Mnow–Rnow Relation",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e3znqeace6z50",
  "venue": "Zenodo",
  "versions": []
}