{
  "abstract": "Measuring the state of quantum computers is a highly non-trivial task, with implications for virtually all quantum algorithms. A promising avenue is multi-copy schemes, where identical copies of a quantum state are measured jointly so that all Pauli operators within the considered observable can be simultaneously assessed. Here, we present a first implementation of such a two-copy scheme in a measurement protocol. Based on Bayesian statistics, it accurately estimates not only the average of the desired observable but also the error en route. This enables an adaptive shot-allocation algorithm that preferentially samples the most uncertain Pauli terms. In regimes with many non-commuting Pauli operators, this “double'' scheme can outperform the state-of-the-art measurement protocol in minimizing total shots for a given precision. We also numerically confirm the finding in previous theoretical works that the two-copy scheme incurs an overhead due to the square-root relationship between the variance of measured quantities and the number of measurement shots.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK",
    "Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada",
    "Department of Combinatorics & Optimization, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rick P. A. Simon",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-3111-2615"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zheng Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Charlie Nation"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Andrew Jena"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luca Dellantonio"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e4vqfdbk502fa.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.22331/q-2026-10-07-2229",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "e4vqfdbk502fa",
  "issns": [
    "2521-327X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-10-07-2229/",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1702|Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W4416692587",
  "pdf_url": "https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-10-07-2229/pdf/",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": "Verein zur Forderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e4vqfdbk502fa.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.22331/q-2026-10-07-2229",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-10-07-2229/"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "issn:2521-327X",
      "subfield": "quantum"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Enhanced measurements on quantum computers via the simultaneous probing of non-commuting Pauli operators",
  "title_text": "Enhanced measurements on quantum computers via the simultaneous probing of non-commuting Pauli operators",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e4vqfdbk502fa",
  "venue": "Quantum",
  "versions": []
}