{
  "abstract": "We present a photometric and multiplicity survey of 26 young objects with masses between 6 MJ and 37 MJ and spectral type later than M8 in the Taurus star-forming region with the Hubble Space Telescope. We search for companion candidates using two methods: a dedicated photometric technique based on the combination of colours from multi-band photometry and point spread function fitting. No companion candidates are detected beyond 30 au. With an updated membership and age identification, we determine luminosity, temperature, and mass for the 26 young objects using evolutionary models. We demonstrate that our HST observations are sensitive to companions down to masses of 1 MJ and even lower for some targets by artificial star injection tests. After survey completeness correction, we derive a binary frequency <6.5% for this sample in the 68% confidence interval for companions with mass ratios between 0.1 and 1 and separations between 30 and 7,000 au. We find no significant difference in binary frequency among planetary-mass objects in Taurus, Upper Scorpius, and the field. These findings support that the binary frequency of planetary-mass objects is settled at young ages, probably younger than 1–10 Myr, suggesting that the formation of wide-orbit planetary-mass binaries is inefficient and the disruption of them likely occurs at a very early stage in a low density environment.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ ,",
    "Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh ,",
    "Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Building , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden ,",
    "School of Science, Westlake University Department of Astronomy, , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030 ,",
    "Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024 ,",
    "Indiana University Department of Astronomy, , Swain West, 727 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405 ,",
    "Département de Physique and Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic , Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, Québec ,",
    "Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville , Montréal, H3C 3J7, Québec ,",
    "Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova I-35122 ,",
    "The University of Texas at Austin Department of Astronomy, , 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712 ,",
    "SUPA, School of Physics, and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS ,",
    "Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Yerpedu Department of Physics, , Tirupati - 517619, Andhra Pradesh ,",
    "University of Rochester Department of Physics & Astronomy, , Rochester, NY 14627 ,",
    "Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli 32001 Taoyuan ,",
    "National Central University Department of Physics, , 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli 32001 Taoyuan ,",
    "Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kuming 650216 ,",
    "Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu HI 96822 ,"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Pengyu Liu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7047-0874"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Beth A Biller"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Clémence Fontanive",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2428-9932"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Michele Scalco"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Loïc Albert"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Luigi R Bedin",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4080-6466"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Matthew De Furio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Belinda Damian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Jessy Jose",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4908-4404"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Zhoujian Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13,
        14
      ],
      "name": "Wen-Ping Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sophie Dubber"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13,
        15
      ],
      "name": "Bhavana Lalchand",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1618-2921"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Michael C Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e63qt08nedvbv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/mnras/stag2058",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "e63qt08nedvbv",
  "issns": [
    "0035-8711",
    "1365-2966"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2058/9004103",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies"
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  "pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2058/72565117/stag2058.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e63qt08nedvbv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.1093/mnras/stag2058",
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    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
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  ],
  "title": "An HST survey of photometry and multiplicity of brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects in the field of Taurus",
  "title_text": "An HST survey of photometry and multiplicity of brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects in the field of Taurus",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e63qt08nedvbv",
  "venue": "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",
  "versions": []
}