{
  "abstract": "Fear learning and extinction unfold as time-dependent processes. Herein, we examined whether fear learning dynamically reorganizes brain activity and whether such reorganization predicts subsequent extinction-memory expression under transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-modulated extinction. Eighty-seven healthy adults completed a three-day Pavlovian threat-learning protocol with resting-state fMRI, TMS-modulated extinction, and extinction-memory fMRI. Using coactivation pattern analysis with a hidden Markov model, we identified a fear-learning–induced brain state characterized by increased engagement and transition uncertainty after conditioning. Functional connectivity reorganization within this state predicted individual differences in extinction recall- and renewal-related brain activation under TMS-modulated extinction (cross-validated; recall r = 0.47, p = 0.001; renewal r = 0.37, p = 0.01; permutation-tested), but not natural extinction. In separate brain–behavior correlation analyses, the neural variates identified in the TMS-modulated extinction were associated with behavioral expression. These findings demonstrate that fear learning reshapes brain-state dynamics and identifies a candidate biomarker of neuromodulation-linked extinction-memory expression.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Kai Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lihan Cui"
    },
    {
      "name": "B.Isabel Moallem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hani Meelad"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zakiya Atiyah"
    },
    {
      "name": "Muhammad Badarnee",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6720-0387"
    },
    {
      "name": "Isabella Mason"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhenfu Wen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7032-8376"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mark S. George"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammed R. Milad",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8620-5132"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e6f45yyfprgxb.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-78345-8",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13728185",
  "id": "e6f45yyfprgxb",
  "issns": [
    "2041-1723"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-78345-8",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|Memory and Neural Mechanisms"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7220418723",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-78345-8_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13728185",
  "pmid": "42971973",
  "published": "2026-10-05",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e6f45yyfprgxb.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:38Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41467-026-78345-8",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-78345-8"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:44Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42971973",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42971973"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:23:55Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13728185",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78345-8"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2805|Memory and Neural Mechanisms",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Fear learning–induced brain dynamics predict individual extinction memory expression following transcranial magnetic stimulation",
  "title_text": "Fear learning–induced brain dynamics predict individual extinction memory expression following transcranial magnetic stimulation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:23:55Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e6f45yyfprgxb",
  "venue": "Nature Communications",
  "versions": []
}