{
  "abstract": "Background and hypothesis\n\nThe longitudinal course of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia is debated. Previous longitudinal studies have reported selective attrition. We aimed to analyze cognitive trajectories over 13 years among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) in comparison with controls, while accounting for dropout bias, and explored baseline predictors of cognitive outcome.Study design\n\nCognition was assessed at study start, 5-year, and 13-year follow-up in 108 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and 85 controls of similar age. Linear Mixed Effects models were used to model trajectories over time, with inverse probability weights to account for non-random dropout in patients. Predictors of cognitive function at 13 years were explored using linear regression.Study results\n\nRetention was 51% for patients and 65% for controls. At study start, patients who dropped out performed worse on most cognitive tasks and were significantly older (4.5 years) than completers. In primary inverse probability of attrition weight-weighted analyses, patients scored lower than controls across nearly all cognitive domains (cognitive composite: β = -0.91 SD [95% CI -1.42, -0.39]) but their trajectories did not significantly differ from those of controls. Higher age predicted worse cognitive function. Illness duration was an independent negative predictor in patients. Study start cognition predicted 13-year follow-up cognition in patients.Conclusions\n\nAlthough cognitive performance of patients was lower than that of controls at study start, their change in performance over 13 years did not differ from the controls. Patients who dropped out were more cognitively impaired, highlighting risk of attrition bias. The robustness of findings across weighted and unweighted analyses strengthens confidence in the observed trajectories.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.",
    "Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, United States.",
    "Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.",
    "Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.",
    "Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway.",
    "Centre of Precision Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.",
    "VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207, United States.",
    "Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Maria Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4080-4030"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Granville J Matheson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5646-4547"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ellen E Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sara Holmqvist"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Håkan Nyman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ingrid Agartz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Alison R Hwong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Erik G Jönsson"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e8jk064qp7h1z.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/schbul/sbag162",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13720724",
  "id": "e8jk064qp7h1z",
  "issns": [
    "1787-9965",
    "1745-1701",
    "0586-7614"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42960989",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00810"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Regular Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2738|Schizophrenia research and treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224773977",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13720724?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13720724",
  "pmid": "42960989",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e8jk064qp7h1z.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:52Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42960989",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42960989"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:33Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13720724",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbag162"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2738|Schizophrenia research and treatment",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cognitive Trajectories over 13 Years in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Addressing Selective Dropout Bias.",
  "title_text": "Cognitive Trajectories over 13 Years in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Addressing Selective Dropout Bias.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:21:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e8jk064qp7h1z",
  "venue": "Schizophrenia bulletin",
  "versions": []
}