{
  "abstract": "Objectives: This in vitro study evaluated the impact of various bleaching systems on enamel surface topography and mineral composition (calcium and phosphate) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).\n\nMaterials and methods: Forty-eight human enamel specimens (N=48) were divided into five groups: Group 1a (positive control; untreated), Group 1b (negative control; 37% phosphoric acid etching), Group 2 (37.5% hydrogen peroxide, Pola Office+, SDI, Bayswater, Victoria, Australia), Group 3 (22% carbamide peroxide, Pola Night, SDI, Bayswater, Victoria, Australia), and Group 4 (phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (PAP), Toothsi Spark, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China). Following group-specific clinical regimens, specimens were stored in artificial saliva and evaluated using SEM-EDS. Data were analyzed via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni tests (alpha=0.05).\n\nResults: Calcium levels differed significantly among the five groups (one-way ANOVA; F(4,43)=27.88; p<0.001). Group 1a showed the highest mean calcium level, whereas Group 1b showed the lowest. Among the bleaching groups, Groups 2 and 4 showed significantly higher calcium levels than Group 3 on Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparison. Phosphorus levels did not differ significantly among the groups (one-way ANOVA; F(4,43)=0.52; p=0.720).\n\nConclusion: Extended application timelines render 22% carbamide peroxide more detrimental to enamel mineral content than brief, high-concentration hydrogen peroxide or light-activated PAP.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda, IND",
    "Oral Medicine and Radiology, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda, IND",
    "Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda, IND"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Harshita Garg"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Munish Singla"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Harleen Kaur"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Saloni Gupta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Deepa Dubey"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rupinder Bansal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Joshna Gupta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mehak Gupta"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e8q59ves99526.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7759/cureus.117510",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735423/",
  "id": "e8q59ves99526",
  "issns": [
    "2168-8184"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.117510",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Dentistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3500|Dental Erosion and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220426206",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.cureus.com/articles/533326-comparative-evaluation-of-mineral-content-and-surface-topography-of-teeth-after-bleaching-using-energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectroscopy-eds-and-scanning-electron-microscopy-sem-an-in-vitro-study.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13735423",
  "pmid": "42990809",
  "published": "2026-10-05",
  "publisher": "Cureus Inc.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e8q59ves99526.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:21:06Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13735423",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.117510"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comparative Evaluation of Mineral Content and Surface Topography of Teeth After Bleaching Using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): An In Vitro Study",
  "title_text": "Comparative Evaluation of Mineral Content and Surface Topography of Teeth After Bleaching Using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): An In Vitro Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:21:06Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e8q59ves99526",
  "venue": "Cureus",
  "versions": []
}